tt2 cardiovascular

• rheumatic heart disease: infection
• blood lipids can lead to atherosclerosis (artery clogging)
• what determines the risk of atherosclerosis (clogging)

  ratio between HDL-C between LDL-C
• males have higher risk of cardiovascular disease
• how atherosclerosis occurs

  • build up of cholesterol (plaque)
  • thrombus (clot)
• tight junction of endothelial cells in arterial wall prevents infiltration
• fatty streak: LDL infiltrates the endothelial cell layer, inflammation, macrophages arrive
• macrophages engulf cholesterol and oxidize them.

  the oxidation prevents the cholesterol from being removed and worsens disease
• characteristics of fibrous plaque

  fibrous scar tissue develops around lipid core

  calcification/crystallization

  heterogenous mixture which is very unstable
• plaques are unstable and easily rupture, which leads to clotting and blockage
• ischemic heart disease

  imbalance between supply of oxygen and the myocardial demand
• lesions that occur higher up in the arterial branch will be more damaging
• how to diagnose acute myocardial infarction

  • chest pain
  • enzyme elevation
  • creatine kinase
  • ECG changes
  • ST elevation (signal between S and T are shifted up)
• heart failure: cardiac output is not enough
• digitalis: def and use

  • def: plant-derived chemical that increases contractility of heart muscle
  • use: treatment for heart failure
• diuretics can be used to lower blood volume and treat heart failure
• angioplasty: surgical repair of blood flow using balloon
• coronary artery stent can be used to keep blood vessels open
• bypass surgery can be used to treat heart failure using grafted veins
• hypertension: sustained high blood pressure (130~140/90)
• hypotension: low BP below 100 mmHg
• essential hypertension: causes are unknown
• baroreceptors adapt to high BP and stop firing feedback loop
• hypertrophy: harder to eject blood
• hypertension can lead to stroke via ischemia or hemorrhage
• orthostatic hypotension: temporary low BP and dizziness when standing up
• chronic hypotension

  • poor nutrition
  • addision's disease (lack of aldosterone)
• acute hypotension

  • a lot of blood vessels open at the same time
  • threat to patients undergoing surgery