Geography Paper 2 Flashcards

• brownfield site


  Land that has been used, abandoned and now awaits new use. Commonly found across urban areas in the inner city.
• economic opportunities


  chances for people to improve their standard of living through employment
• greenfield site

  a plot of land often in a rural or outskirts area that’s not been subject to building development
• inequalities


  Differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in people’s well-being and access to things like jobs, housing and education. Inequalities may occur in housing provision, access to services, access to open land, safety and security.
• intergrated transport systems


  When different transport methods connect together making public transport smoother, more appealing and hopefully reducing congestion e.g park and ride
• mega-cities


  An urban area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.
• migration


  When people move from one area to another. In many LIC’s people move from rural to urban areas - rural to urban migration
• natural increase


  Birth rate minus death rate of the population = generally postive
• pollution


  The presence of chemicals, noise, dirt or other substances which have a harmful or poisonous effect on an environmen.
• rural-urban fringe

  A zone of transition between the built up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use.
• sanitation


  Measures designed to protect public health, including the provision of clean water and the disposal of sewage and waste.
• social deprivation


  the degree to which an individual or area is deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income and local employment.
• social opportunities


  Chances for people to improve their quality of life, for instance access to education and health care.
• squatter settlement 


  An area of poor-quality housing, lacking in amenities such as water supply, sewage and electricity l, which often develops spontaneously and illegally in a large city in an LIC. for example Dharavi in Mumbai
• sustainable urban living

  Where there is minimal damage to the environment, the economic base is sound with resources fairly allocated and jobs secure, and local people involved in decisions made. Sustainable urban living includes serval aims such as: use of renewable resources, energy efficiency, public transport, accessible resources and services.
• traffic congestion


  Occurs when there is too great a volume of traffic for roads to cope with.
• urban greening


  The process of increasing and preserving open spaces such as public parks and gardens in urban areas.
• urbanisation


  The process by which an increasing percentage of a country’s population migrates to towns and cities. Rapid urbanisation is a feature of many LIC’s and NEE’s.
• urban regeneration

  The revival of old parts of the built up area by either installing modern facilities in old buildings (renewal) or redevelopment (demolition).
• urban sprawl


  The unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside.
• waste recycling

  The process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste.
• birth rate 


  The number of births in a year per 1000 of the total population.
• the commonwealth

  A voluntary association of 53 independent and equal sovereign states, which were mostly territories of the former British Empire. It has 2.2 billion citizens. Member states have no legal obligation to one another united by language, culture, history, human rights, their shared values of democracy and the rule of law.
• death rate

  The number of deaths per year per 1000 of the total population.
• de-industrialisation

  The decline of a country‘s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEE’s.
• demographic transition model

  A model showing how populations should change over time in terms of their birth rates, death rates and total population size.

  
• development

  The progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare.
• development gap

  The difference in standard of living and wellbeing between the world’s richest and poorest countries. (HIC’s and LIC’s)
• european union

  An international organisation of 28 countries formed to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation. Seventeen of the members also share a currency - the euro. A citizen can live and work in any of the 28 countries without a visa.
• fairtrade

  When producers in LIC’s are given a better price for their goods. Often farm products such as cocoa, coffee or cotton. Better price improves income and reduces exploitation.
• globalisation

  The process which has created a more connected world, with increases in movements of goods and people worldwide.
• global national income (GNI)

  A measure of economic development that is calculated by dividing the gross (total) national income by the size of the population. GNI takes into account not just the value of goods and services but also the income earned through investment overseas.
• human development index (HDI)

  A method of measuring development in which GNI, life expectancy, and education levels are combined to give an overview. This combined measure of development uses economic and social indicators to produce and index figure that allows comparison between countries.
• industrial structure

  The relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.)
• infant mortality

  The number of deaths of children under 1 year old per 1000 live births.
• information technologies

  Computer, internet, mobile and satellite technologies- especially those that speed up communication and the flow of informatio.
• intermediate technology

  The simple, easily learned and maintained technology used in a range of economic activities serving local needs in LIC’s.
• international aid

  Money, goods and services given by the government of one country or a multilateral institution such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund to help the quality of life and economy of another country.
• life expectancy

  The average number of years a person might be expected to live.
• literacy rate

  The percentage of people with basic reading and writing skills.