ch. 8 blackmon

• Abbasid Caliphate:

  • Third Islamic caliphate after Prophet Muhammad
  • Ruled from Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam
• Baghdad:

  • Capital city of the Abbasid Caliphate in modern-day Iraq
  • Center of learning and culture during the Islamic Golden Age
• Viziers:

  • High-ranking officials in Islamic governments
  • Responsible for advising rulers and overseeing administrative functions
• Seljuk Turks:

  • Turkish dynasty that ruled over the Middle East and Anatolia from 11th to 13th centuries
  • Played a significant role in Islamic world history, especially during the Crusades
• Sultan:

  • Title for a ruler in various Islamic countries
  • Associated with a sovereign or monarch
• Mamluks:

  • Caste of slave soldiers in Islamic societies, particularly powerful in Egypt and Syria
  • Established their own dynasties
• Córdoba:

  • Capital of the Umayyad Caliphate in 10th century Spain
  • Renowned for cultural and intellectual achievements during Islamic rule
• Battle of Tours:

  • Significant battle in 732 AD where Frankish forces led by Charles Martel defeated invading Muslim army
  • Halted Muslim advance into Europe
• Muhammad:

  • Founder of Islam and last prophet according to Islamic belief
• Bedouins:

  • Nomadic Arab peoples in desert regions of Middle East and North Africa
• Polygamy:

  • Practice of having multiple spouses simultaneously permitted in Islam under certain conditions
• Allah:

  • Arabic word for God in Islam
• Mecca:

  • Holiest city in Islam, birthplace of Prophet Muhammad
• Quran (Koran):

  • Holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad
• Medina:

  • City in Saudi Arabia where Muhammad and followers migrated to from Mecca in 622 AD
  • Beginning of Islamic calendar
• Hegira:

  • Migration of Muhammad and followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD
  • Beginning of Islamic calendar
• Ka’aba:

  • Cube-shaped building in Great Mosque of Mecca, most sacred site in Islam
• Hajj:

  • Annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the Five Pillars of Islam
• Jizya:

  • Tax historically imposed on non-Muslims in Islamic states
• Hadith:

  • Recorded sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad
  • Important sources of Islamic law and tradition
• People of the Book:

  • Term in Islamic theology referring to Jews, Christians, and sometimes other religious groups with revealed scripture
• Five Pillars:

  • Fundamental acts of worship in Islam, including declaration of faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage
• Jihad:

  • Struggle or striving in the way of God, taking various forms including spiritual, moral, and physical exertion
• Ramadan:

  • Ninth month of Islamic lunar calendar, Muslims fast from dawn until sunset
• Shariah:

  • Islamic law derived from Quran and Hadith, governing all aspects of a Muslim's life
• Abu Bakr:

  • First caliph and father-in-law of Prophet Muhammad
  • Succeeded him as leader of Muslim community
• Caliph:

  • Title for political and religious leader of Islamic community, successor to Prophet Muhammad
• Ali:

  • Cousin and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad
  • Fourth caliph revered by Shia Muslims as first imam
• Sunnis:

  • Largest branch of Islam, majority of Muslims adhering to teachings of early Muslim community
• Shias:

  • Second-largest branch of Islam, believe Ali and his descendants are rightful successors to Muhammad
• Dar al-Islam:

  • "House of Islam," regions where Islam is dominant religion and Islamic law is observed
• Umayyad Dynasty:

  • First Islamic dynasty, ruled caliphate from 661 to 750 AD with capital in Damascus
• Damascus:

  • City in Syria, capital of Umayyad Caliphate
• Imam:

  • In Sunni Islam, prayer leader; in Shia Islam, spiritual and political leader descended from Muhammad
• Dhows:

  • Traditional sailing vessels used by Arab traders and fishermen in Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea
• Avicenna (Ibn Sina):

  • Persian polymath with contributions to medicine, philosophy, and astronomy
• Maimonides:

  • Jewish philosopher and physician in Islamic world during Middle Ages
• Averroes (Ibn Rushd):

  • Muslim philosopher and jurist with contributions to Islamic philosophy and interpretation of Aristotle
• Alhambra:

  • Palace and fortress complex in Granada, Spain, known for Islamic architecture
• Omar Khayyám:

  • Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet known for work on algebra and "The Rubaiyat"