Midterm

• Both functionalism and the conflict perspective focus on the macro-level
• Symbolic interactionism is micro-sociological
• Symbolic interactionism is interested in individual-level human interactions and it looks at the meaning of the daily interactions
• Herbert Blumer outlined three core principles of Symbolic Interactionism: 1. actions towards objects are based on the assigned meanings, 2. Meanings originate from social interactions with others, 3. Meanings are interpreted and adjusted through a personal interpretative process during encounters
• The goal of SI is to understand how individuals get involved in various deviant activities and their experiences
• Becker developed deviance as action and reaction: learning and labelling
• Becker developed the way poeple become a marijuana user: learning curve, social context, becoming deviant is a gradual process
• Core inquiry examines why and how an individual is classified as deviant
• Process of Labelling: a societal construct where the deviant identity is ascribed by others
• Central to the theory, an individual becomes the deviant upon successful societal labelling
• Labelling causes deviant behavior
• Behavioral responses to labeling: once tagged as deviant, individuals may embrace this imposed identity and escalate their deviant behavior to meet these expectations
• What is the social disapproval aimed to elicit remorse in the shamed individual?

  Shaming
• What is the results in the individuals being pushed towards further delinquency or crime?

  Stigmatization
• Cause of deviance: self-identity transformation = the individual adopts a self-view that aligns with the deviant label, often learning and embodying the behaviors associated with it
• What is the cyclical process where reactions to deviance lead to more deviance?

  Deviancy Amplification (the snowball effect)
• What are groups that are more likely than others to be labeled deviant?

  • groups lacking political influence
  • Populations perceived as threatening by those in authority
  • Low social status groups
• What are the criticism of Labelling theories?

  • focusing too much on the deviance of the poor
  • empirical proof
• What is the advocates for redefining victimless deviance, suggesting that state involvement may exacerbate offending behaviors?


  Decriminalization
• What is delabelling efforts aim to diminish the stigma attached to deviance?

  Destigmatization
• What is the problem of juvenile justice evolution?

  Prisons may contribute to the development or reinforcement of criminals identities, indicating the necessity for alternative methods: Juvenile Delinquents Act
• Chicago served as a Laboratory for urban sociologie
• The deparment at Chicago was instrumental in shopping several key areas?

  functionalism

  epidemiology

  attitude and research

  Survey methods
• What is the studying of disease and distribution of health?

  Epidemiology
• What is the understanding and measuring individual and collective attitudes?

  Attitudes and research
• What is the developing techniques of Chicago school for collectif and analysing data?

  Survey method
• What was the practical focus of the Chicago school?


  Emphasis on practice and social change
• What was the expérimental Learning of the Chicago school?

  Students were actively engaged in Learning through organized visits to Chicago's diverse ethnic neighborhoods
• what was the contextuel Analysis of the Chicago school?

  it was characterized by studying individuals within their social environements
• Park's work was influence by which principles?

  Social darwinism
• Park was a pioneer in applying ecological concepts to social structures, viewing the City as a living organise where different populations interactif compète, and adapter within a shared environment
• Park used which approach?


  Ecological approach
• What is the concept of social ecology entends to spatial ecology reflecting how compétition for space chapes the City's social landscale?

  Ecological urbanism
• What are the zones of the city as an organic structure?

  concentric zones model

  transition zones
• Which zones is explained as the City is conceptualized as a living organise, growing in concentric zones that correspond to different natural areas?

  Concentric zones model
• Which zones is explained as the areas where commercial and résidentiel zones Intersect often marked by social instability?

  Transition zones
• Which perspective did the Chicago school used?

  Human ecology perspective
• IN which sone of the Burgess urban land use model are poeple more likely to have devient behavior?

  Zone of transition
• Zonal évolution in Montreal: echoing urban patterns observe elsewhere, Montreal experienced its own zonal Development, with industry encroaching upon residential neighborhoods
• the transitions zones and social challenges was characterized by social disorganization, Economic hardship and général sense of despair