aes 2

• Pegmatitic: An igneous texture; Largest grain size, associated with pegmatite
• Aphanitic: An igneous texture; Small grains not visible to the eye, can be felt
• Glassy: An igneous texture; No grains, smooth
• Porphyritic; An igneous texture; Mix of small & large grains
• Phaneritic: An igneous texture; Large grains visible to the eye
• Vesicular: An igneous texture; Has holes
• Pyroclastic: An igneous texture; Fragmented glassy material from volcanic eruptions
• What igneous rocks are associated with continental crust and what is it's color?


  Felsic, white, pink, light grey
• What igneous rocks are associated with oceanic crust and what is it's color?

  Mafic, black, brown, dark grey
• What are the steps of sedimentary rock formation?

  1)Existing igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic rock is eroded

  2) Eroded sediments deposit as layers

  3) Layered sediment undergoes (a) burial by new sediment layers, (b) compaction and (c)

  cementation-- this process is known as lithification
• System

  Set of related events or objects and their interactions
• Open System

  Boundaries freely permit the transfer of matter and energy sources
• Closed system


  self-contained system exhibiting no exchange of energy or matteracross its boundaries
• Dynamic Equilibrium

  No change in system size, but remains in balance
• Negative feedback loops

  Help maintain equilibrium and are a good thing
• Positive feedback loops


  Throws off balance and are usually bad
• Isolines

  Lines connecting all places that possess the same value
• Contour interval


  the difference in elevation between 2 contour lines
• Map scale

  Tells you how much a distance on the map represents in real life
• Minerals


  Made up of atoms, are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, and obtain a orderly crystalline structure
• Inner core

  solid, surface ~5100 km below sea level, radius 1220 km, composed of Nickel and Iron
• Outer core

  Liquid, surface ~2900 km below sea level, is around 2250 km thick, also composed of Nickel and Iron
• Mantle


  thickest layer, varying hardness
• Upper mantle

  top is rigid and the crust forms the Lithosphere. Other part is soft,semi-molten layer called the asthenosphere, which is viscous and capable of flowing slowly
• Lower mantle


  solid, becoming increasingly more rigid with depth. Composed of ironoxides, magnesium and silicon
• Crust

  Earth’s thin, rocky outer layer
• Continental crust

  Thicker and less dense. Composed of felsic (granite) igneous rocks
• Oceanic crust

  thinner and more dense. Composed of mafic (basaltic) igneous rocks
• Igneous


  Formed by cooling and crystallization of molten material
• Sedimentary

  Form when sediments eroded from other rocks are compacted and cemented into new rocks
• Metamorphic rocks

  Forms when other rocks are exposed to extremely high temperatures
• Intrusive igneous

  forms inside the earth; cools slowly, large crystals
• Extrusive igneous

  forms outside the earth; cools quickly, small crystals
• What color is intermediate igneous?

  medium grey, mix of black and white
• What color is Ultramafic?

  Green
• Igneous rocks form within the oceanic crust, on land, and at continent-ocean margins
• Clastic sedimentary


  compaction and cementation of non-organic sediment
• Chemical sedimentary


  sediments are deposited by crystallization of minerals from substances dissolved in water
• Biochemical sedimentary 


  form in the ocean or a salt lake
• Sedimentary rocks hold the fossil record as sediments deposit in laters, other particles get trapped in those layers