HDF 315L

• What are citations vs references?


  citations is what you place in the text of your paper (Arredondo, 2020)

  
  

  References is the information on where to find the work you are citing

  - it belongs in the reference page
• What is autonomy?


  Individuals are free to make choices and participate in research voluntarily.

  - Participants are informed of the purpose and procedures of the research (informed consent)

  - Right to privacy: the researcher is obliged to maintain confidentiality in data storage and reporting
• What is justice?

  All research participants are treated equitably
• What is Beneficence?

  Protecting participants from physical and psychological harm
• Which principles were developed that set ethical standards for scientific research?

  Nuremberg code + Belmont report
• What was the tuskegee syphyllis study?

  1932- 1972

  poor, rural, black men

  - Were not told they had syphillis, were not informed about cure

  =violated; -informed consent (no one knew they were being studied)

  - medical care and free burial was enticing (availability of intervention)

  -no participation should ever be denied treatment
• Which historic ethics violations led to the development of ethical principles

  nazi medical experiments + tuskegee syphyllis study
• What is ratio?

  (continuous)

  have literal numeric properties AND a "true zero 0" value, thus ratio between values can be calculated

  ex: height, weight
• What is interval?

  (continuous)

  literal numeric properties and equal differences between adjacent values

  ex: temperature, SAT scores, credit scores, IQ scores
• What is ordinal?

  (categorical)

  rank order the levels of a variable --> categories that can be ranked from first to last

  ex: level of satisfaction
• What is nominal ?

  (categorical)

  putting observations into qualitatively different categories (names)

  ex: eye color, assigned sex at birth
• What is continous?

  range of scores, numbers, responses 0 to infinity:

  interval + ratio
• What is categorical?

  separated into groups:

  nominal + ordinal
• What is measurement?

  A systematic way of assigning values to objects, or events according to some rule
• Non experimental appraoch is also known as


  observational
• What is outcome variable (O)?


  differences in the value of a variable that are associated with the predictor
• How many and what type of variables will a nonexperimental study have?

  2; predictor variable (P)

  outcome variable (O)
• What are the 2 quantitative research study designs?

  Experimental (introduce a treatment and measure its effects) and

  nonexperimental (do not introduce a treatment; they observe or ask questiosn in surveys, polls or interviews)
• What is a variable?


  An element of a research study that can be measured and take on more than one value.

  Ex: height, weight, sex
• operational definition (How to measure it?)


  (variables and measurements)

  defines a construct by the procedures used to measure observable conditions

  --> how a researcher decides to measure (and thus define) a construct
• Conceptual definition (what does it mean?)


  (constructs)

  specifies what a construct means in a theoretical sense-- specifies aspects of a construct
• Examples of constructs?

  intelligence, stress, social capital

  --> are not physical objectsl they refer to ideas or concepts
• What is a construct?

  A concept that is

  - not directly observable (latent)

  - May be complex (multiple facets/parts)

  - abstract (has theoretical meaning)
• What makes good quantitative research?

  Anchors concepts to relevant and concrete measurable elements

  -> specific attributes or variables
• Forming an ethnic identity


  Feeling that we belong and are part of group (our cultural group)

  a preference for individuals who are like us, so we can understand ourselves better
• What is qualitative?

  -Data is in word form, an analyzed using themes

  - Goal is interpretation (limited to individuals in the study)

  - Good for exploration; uses interviews, observation and open-ended forms of data collection

  POSSIBLE to turn Qualitative INTO quantitative data

  - smaller, purposive (choose participants with a purpose) sample
• What is quantitative?

  Data is numerical, and analyzed using statistics

  - Goal is generalization (form sample to population)

  - Typically deductive (uses existing theory and lit to plan research)

  - Uses surveys, polls and experimental forms of data collection

  - larger, random samples
• Inductive (Sherlock)

  - Ground up approach (theory <-- hypothesis <-- pattern <-- observation)

  -Creating theory from observations

  -Usually qualitative research (ex: interview parents and identify rhemes in what they say)
• Deductive (Aristotle)


  -Top-down approach ( theory→ hypothesis → observ→confirmation)

  -Used to test hypotheses/ predictions from existing theory

  -Usually quantitative
• Directional hypothesis example


  High marital conflict will predict less effective parenting
• Non directional hypothesis example


  The ability to effectively parent will differ between those with high marital conflict than those with low marital conflict.
• Null hypothesis?

  No relationship between 2 or more variables (default position)

  --> typically the researcher tries to disprove this position
• What is nondirectional hypothesis?

  suggests a change, but not the direction of the change
• What is a directional hypothesis?

  predicts the direction of the outcome
• What is a control variable?

  aspect of experimental situation that is held constant to prevent "contamination" of results
• What is a dependent variable?


  "the effect"

  Something experimenter measures and that reflects the effect/ change of the independent variable.
• What is an independent variable?


  "the cause"

  Something that an experimenter varies or manipulates (noise level in an experiment assessing effect of noise on learning)
• What does a hypothesis state?

  It states an explicit relationship between 2 or more variable OR how one variable differs according to another.
• What is a hypothesis?

  A type of "educated guess" (a testable prediction) about how things relate to each other.
• Research questions must be?

  1. significant (worth asking)

  2. focused (be specific)