Chemical Foundations

• The macroscopic world is made up of...


  atoms
• Atoms are used to form ALL...

  known substances
• How do you determine an object?


  By looking at its atoms
• Matter is composed of


  tiny particles called atoms
• Atom


  the smallest part of an element that is still that element
• Molecule


  two or more atoms joined and act as a unit
• Chemical Reaction

  When one substance changes to another by reorganizing the way two atoms are attached to each other
• Diatomic Molecules

  Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen, Iodine, Chlorine, Bromine (Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer)
• Scientific Method


  A sequence that scientists use in the study of nature that helps solve problems efficiently
• Science


  is the framework for gaining and organizing knowledge.
• Procedure

  A plan of action for processing and understanding certain types of information
• Theory/Model


  is a set of tested hypotheses that gives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon that can change as new information is made available
• Observation 


  Is something that is witnessed and can be recorded (a possible explanation)
• Chemical Elements naturally...

  possess two atoms
• Chemistry


  Understanding how atoms behave and interact
• Chemical Reaction ACCORDING to Dalton


  A reorganization of atoms
• Natural Law 


  is a summary of an observed (measurable) behavior.
• Law of Conservation of Mass


  Matter cannot be created or destroyed
• Robert Boyle


  measured the relationship between pressure and volume of air
• Joseph Priestley


  Discovered Oxygen
• Antoine Lavoisier


  Discover the true nature of combustion and regarded measurement as an ESSENTIAL operation of chemistry
• Joseph Proust


  Discovered the Law of Definite Proportions
• The Law of Definite Proportions


  A given compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass
• John Dalton 


  First to create the first table of atomic weights/masses and thought that metals weren't elements
• Dalton's Atomic Theory

  1. Each Element is made up of tiny particles called atoms
  2. The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way
  3. Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other. A given compound always has the same relative and types of atoms
  4. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms- changes in the way they bond together. The atoms themselves are NOT changed in a chemical reaction
• Joseph Gay-Lussac


  Measured the volume of gases that reacted with each other under the same pressure and temperature
• Amadeo Avagadro's Hypothesis


  At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles.
• Avagdro's Hypothesis only applies...


  if the distance between the particles in a gas is very great compared with the size of the molecules. THEN the volume of the gas is determined by the number of molecules present NOT by the size of individual particles
• J.J Thomson performed the...


  Cathode-ray tubes experiment
• What did Thomson discover using the Cathode-ray tubes experiment?


  He discovered the existence of electrons and created the charge to mass ratio
• What type of charged ray was produced from the Cathode-ray tubes experiment?


  Negative
• Robert Milan's experiment


  charged oil droplets
• What did Milikan find during his charged oil experiment?


  He determined the magnitude of the electron charge
• Ernest Rutherford's experiment


  Gold Foil
• What did Rutherford discover


  the existence of the nucleus (which hold mostly the mass of an atom) and atoms are mostly empty space
• What did Rutherford predict?

  The particles would pass through the foil and hit the sensor with little deflections
• What actually happened in Rutherford's experiment?


  Some passed through hitting the sensor while some were deflected from the foil in different directions and some missed the sensor altogether
• Henri Becquerel (year)


  1896- found radioactivity from a uranium containing material that left an image on a photo
• Protons


  Has a positive charge and is located in the nucleus
• Neutrons


  Has no charge and has the same mass as a proton