CMT - Midterm

• Testing of materials must conform to the standard testing procedures of materials based on the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation (AASHTO).
• The basic concepts of a civil engineer are the following: design, construction, supervision, safety, and maintenance of different types of structures.
• One of the important aspects in the field practice of civil engineering is to deal with different materials, which entails the following: drawing up specifications, selecting the materials, storage, sampling and testing, maintaining material inventories, etc.
• Classification of materials based on their chemical composition:

  1. Organic Group
  2. Inorganic Group
• These are a group of materials that contain carbon as the basic element and include materials like timber, plastics, asphalt, bitumen, etc.

  Organic Group
• These are a group of materials that contain siliceous materials essentially containing silica, calcareous, and argillaceous materials.

  Inorganic Group
• Classification of materials based on their use or function:

  1. Solid building materials
  2. Binding materials
  3. Finishing materials
  4. Insulating materials
• Classification of materials based on their occurrence:

  1. Naturally occurring materials
  2. Manufactured materials
• These materials are organic or ingenuous such as stones, timber, metals, etc. which need only to be recovered and processed.

  Naturally occurring materials
• These materials are made out from natural materials such as plastics, concrete, mortars, etc.

  Manufactured materials
• Several factors are to be considered in choosing the appropriate materials to be used in construction: classification, properties, origin, strength, climatic reason, and the economic aspect.
• Binding materials:

  • cement
  • clay
  • mortar
  • bitumen
  • sealant
• Roofing materials:

  • polycarbonate sheet
  • G.I. corrugated sheet
  • corrugated plastic roofing sheet
  • asphalt shingles roof tiles
  • terracotta roof tiles
• Electrical materials:

  • electrical wires
  • electrical conduits
  • utility box
  • electrical outlet
  • circuit breaker
• Plumbing materials

  • HDPE plumbing pipes
  • faucets
  • pipe fittings
  • lavatory sink
  • toilet plumbing fittings
• Masonry materials:

  • bricks
  • concrete hollow blocks
  • stone masonry
  • coarse aggregates or gravel
  • fine aggregates or sand
• Finishing materials:

  • paints
  • tiles
  • varnish
  • wood finishes
  • ceramic finishes
• Ceiling materials:

  • gypsum board
  • PVC false ceiling
  • plywood ceiling
  • aluminum furring
  • ceiling joists
• Flooring materials:

  • vinyl tiles
  • laminated tiles
  • ceramic tiles
  • glass tiles
  • mosaic tiles
• Walling materials:

  • cobblestone
  • wooden pallet
  • plywood
  • panel board
  • metal clad
• Steel materials or Commercial forms of steel:

  • corrugated/deformed bars
  • angle bars
  • I section
  • C section
  • tubular section
• In testing materials, proper quality control assurance must be observed such as wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), proper receiving, right storage, and preparation of materials.
• The most important way to ensure the quality and specification of materials used in construction is by sampling and testing.
• Used to protect hands from possible injury by lifting rough and heavy-weight materials, scratching or abrasion, or chemicals and cold or heat.

  Gloves
• Used to protect the eyes from particulates such as water or chemicals from striking; and from splitting fragments of sample materials.

  Safety goggles
• Used to protect the skin from possible accident spills of chemicals.

  Laboratory gown
• Used to determine the gradation or particle distribution of aggregates such as sand and gravel.

  Set of sieves
• Used to determine the moisture content or water content of soils passing from plastic to liquid state of condition.

  Liquid limit device
• Used to determine the weight of a sample or specimen.

  Triple beam balance
• Used to determine the specific gravity of liquids.

  Blount specific gravity
• Used to determine the soundness of cement.

  Le Chatelier apparatus
• Used to determine the setting time and consistency of cement paste.

  Vicat apparatus
• Used to determine the setting time and consistency of cement paste.

  Gilmore needle apparatus
• Used to determine the volume of liquids.

  Pycnometer bottle
• Used in the preparation and molding of concrete specimens.

  Cylindrical mold
• Used to determine the workability of fresh concrete mixtures.

  Slump cone apparatus
• Used to determine the measurement of liquids, chemicals, or solutions.

  Graduated cylinder
• Used to prepare and mold mortar samples to penetration test.

  California bearing ratio (CBR) mold
• Used to clean coarse aggregates by washing with water.

  Wire mesh bucket
• Used to flatten, smooth, apply, or move granular materials such as cement, and sand, and viscous materials such as mortar and concrete.

  Trowel