1.2 Biomolecules

• Carbohydrates (aka sugars) C,H,O

  • monomers=monosaccharides
  • main energy source for living things
  • Used for short term energy storage and natural support
• Monosaccharides


  -What we acc burn for energy

  -All have the same chemical formula

  -difference is the isomers

  -C6H12O6

  -Glucose, Fructose, Galactose 


  Isomers: Same chemical formula but different arrangement of molecules
• Disaccharides

  -Form with anabolic reaction (dehydration synthesis)

  -Ex: $glucose +$$Fructose =$$Sucrose+$$H2O$
• Polysacchrides 


  -A chain of many monosacchrides joined tgtr

  -Every new bond is formed with dehydration synthesis

  -Important functions are energy support and structural support
• Polysaccharides (energy Storage)

  • Starch

  -how plants store sugar

  -many glucose molecules joined tgtr

  -Huge part of our diet

  
  

  • Glycogen

  -how animals store sugar

  -many glucose molecules joined tgtr

  -Process mainly done in liver and muscles

  
  

  
  

  • when energy is needed, Starch and glycogen get broken down
  • polysacchrides form when organisms have more sugar than needed
• Polysaccharides (structural support)

  • Cellulose

  -Main structural support in plant cell walls

  -Made from long chains of glucose

  -Bonds are Very Hard for humans and other animals to break|

  -This is called fibre

  • Chitin

  -Structural material in INSECT exoskeleton

  -Made from long chains of glucose

  -Forms cell walls in fungi


  -Bonds Very hard to break
• Lipids (aka fat) C,H,O, sum P


  -Insoluble in water (stick tgtr in water)

  • Primary functions

  -Long term- energy storage, They have twice as many calories as sugars

  -Structural material, make cell membranes, provide insulation, protect organs
• Lipid Types : Triglyceride


  -common form of dietary fats

  -forms when 4 monomers join via 3 dehydration synthesis reactions

  -Monomers = glcerol and 3 fatty acids
• Triglyceride SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED

  • Saturated ( butter, bacon fat)

  -Found in animal fat

  -No double bonds in fatty acid chains

  - solid at room temp

  -harder to break down

  -unhealthier
• Triglyceride SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED

  • Unsaturated ( canola oil , olive oil )

  -found in plant fat

  -at least one double bond in fatty acid chains

  -liquid at room temp

  -easier to break down

  -healthier ( cuz animals already produce all the saturated fat we need)
• Phospholipids

  • Formed by >one glycerol>2 fatty acids>one phosphate
  • phosphate is hydrophilic
  • Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic
• Steroids

  -consist of 4 rings of C,H,O

  -mainly used as hormones > which are basically signalling molecules that tell our cells to do certain things

  • Famous ex of steriods: TESTOSTERONE and cholesterol
• cholesterol

  • Waxy steroid > building block for bile and hormones
  • HD'Ls > lowers blood cholesterol

  -Found in plant oil, fish,beans, lentils,

  • LDL's >can lead to heart disease by "clogging arteries"

  -Found in animal fats
• Proteins C,H,O,N sum S

  -2ndmost abundant molecule in body after water (17%)

  Function:

  >big part of muscles, skin, nerves

  >help build,repair cell structures

  >send messages ( hormones )

  >Transport oxygen (haemoglobin)

  > Immune system ( Antibodies)

  > Spark chemical reactions (enzymes)
• Protein structure

  -made up of monomers called amino acids > C,H,O,N

  -21 different amino acids that make form proteins

  -Essential proteins are the ones we CANT make ourselves so it is essential we get them from our diet

  • We break down plant and animal proteins into individual amino acids, so we can make our own proteins
• Protein info

  • peptide bond are formed between amino acids> through dehydration synthsis
  • these amino acids come tgtr to form a polypeptide chain
  • Monomer= amino acids
  • polymer = polypeptide/protein