lipids

• family of substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents and solvents of low polarity, such as diethyl ether

  • Lipids
• contains only nonpolar groups

  • Hydrophobic
• possess both polar and nonpolar groups.

  • amphipathic
• can be converted into smaller molecules by hydrolysis

  • Hydrolyzable Lipids
• Cannot be cleaved into smaller molecules by hydrolysis

  • Non-hydrolyzable Lipids
• Fatty Acid + Alcohol

  • Simple Lipids
• Fatty Acid + Alcohol + X

  • Complex
• Hydrolized Simple or Complex

  • Derived
• formed from glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids

  • Triglycerides
• esters formed from a fatty acid and a high molecular weight alcohol.

  -Waxes
• a reaction between alcohols and carboxylic acids

  • Esterification
• carboxylic acids with long carbon chains

  • Fatty Acids
• Hydrolyzable lipids are derived from 

  • Fatty Acids
• Only contain single bonds

  • Saturated Fatty Acids
• contain at least one double bond

  • Unsaturated Fatty Acids
• contains one double bond

  • Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
• contains two or more double bonds

  • Polyunsaturated fatty Acids
• acids that generally found in nature

  • cis fatty acids
• acids are rare and manufactured fats which are created during hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids

  • Trans fatty Acid
• have two hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond

  • Cis Fatty Acids
• have two hydrogen atoms on the opposite side of the double bond

  • Trans Fatty Acids
• what are the Fatty acids that cannot be produced by the body

  • alpha-linolenic Acid
  • linoleic Acid
• the parent fatty acid of the omega-3 family

  • a-linolenic acid
• the parent fatty acid of the omega-6 family

  • Linoleic Acid
• Naturally found throughout the body, it is most abundant in the brain, eyes, and heart. it is necessary for the growth and development of infants, and it is found in breast milk.

  • Docosahexaenoic acid
• helps with childhood behavior and academic performance. It Lowers the risk of developing and worsening cognitive decline and dementia

  • Eicosapentaenoic acid
• triglycerides is also known as

  • triacylglycerols
• Hydrolyzed by enzymes to produce energy

  • lipases
• a mixture of triglycerides containing a high proportion of long chain, saturated fatty acids. this is mostly obtained from animals.

  • Fats
• Hydrolysis of fats by alkali is called

  • saponification
• a mixture of triglycerides containing a high proportion of long chain, Unsaturated fatty acids, or short chain saturated fatty acids. mostly obtain from plants and Fish

  • Oil
• an condition caused by the aerial oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids that results to unpleasant taste or odor. this is when hydrolysis of fat is expose to air, light, moisture or by bacteria action

  • Rancidity
• Cause by Fat oxidation

  • Oxidative Rancidity
• Cause by fat hydrolysis

  • Hydrolytic Rancidity
• Phospholipids is also called

  • phosphoglycerides/glycerophospholipids
• Long-chained fatty acids on a glycerol backbone attached to a

  phosphoric acid molecule containing an alcohol substituent. (usually an amino alcohol). It Essential components of cell membranes and are found in small concentrations in other parts of the cell

  • Phospholipids
• Important cell membrane component. it Easily form micelles.

  • Lecithins
• Found in most cell membranes. It Aids in blood clotting.

  • Cephalins
• Spherical amphiphilic structures that have a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell. Colloidal systems formed spontaneously by amphiphilic molecules.

  • Micelle
• A class of lipids built from long chained fatty acids attached to a sphingosine backbone rather than glycerol.

  • Sphingolipids