paeds

• What can cause raised serum phosphate in tumour lysis syndrome?

  Rapid cell breakdown following chemotherapy
• What is the most common organism causing necrotising fasciitis?

  Streptococcus pyogenes
• Why is intravenous magnesium sulfate indicated in acute severe asthma?

  It relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and enhances airflow
• What are the signs of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in infants?

  Undifferentiated genitalia, salt wasting, low sodium
• What enzyme deficiency is most common in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

  21-hydroxylase deficiency
• What does a FeNO level of 35 ppb or higher indicate?

  Eosinophilic airway inflammation
• What is a common cause of cerebral palsy?

  Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
• What is the next step if asthma symptoms persist despite salbutamol treatment?

  Administer ipratropium bromide via nebuliser
• What should be administered if inhaler medication and nebulised treatments fail in acute severe asthma?

  Oral or intravenous steroids
• What does a frontal mass on CT that crosses the midline suggest?

  Grade 4 astrocytoma (glioblastoma multiforme)
• What should be considered in newborns with unexplained jaundice and conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia?

  Biliary atresia
• What neuropsychiatric effects may montelukast cause in children?

  Nightmares and other neuropsychiatric effects
• What investigation is necessary for jaundice in a previously well infant with bruising?

  Measure total and conjugated bilirubin levels
• What symptoms necessitate prompt referral to haematology in children?

  Unexplained bruising, lymphadenopathy, systemic symptoms
• How does chronic constipation present in children?

  Abdominal pain and hard stools
• What is the most common benign brain tumour in children?

  Pilocytic astrocytoma
• How do branchial cleft cysts typically present?

  Painless, lateral neck lumps
• What is a common complication of chickenpox in children?

  Necrotising fasciitis
• What is a sign of life-threatening asthma?

  Hypotension
• What is the mechanism of action of methylphenidate?

  Inhibits norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake
• When is montelukast indicated for children with asthma?

  As an add-on therapy for symptomatic children
• What can poorly managed Coeliac disease lead to?

  Increased risk of lymphomas and adenocarcinomas
• What are common asthma presentations?

  Breathlessness, cough, widespread wheeze
• Where are branchial cysts located?

  Anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
• What heart defect is strongly associated with Down syndrome?

  Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSD)
• What are the signs of heart failure in children with AVSD?

  Irritability and difficulty feeding
• What autoimmune condition is common in children with hypothyroidism?

  Autoimmune thyroiditis
• What is essential for children with orbital cellulitis?

  Aggressive treatment with intravenous antibiotics
• What characterizes acyanotic heart diseases?

  Left-to-right shunting of blood
• What chemotherapy combination is used in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

  Vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, prednisolone
• What characterizes acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children?

  Blast cell predominance in the bone marrow
• What is croup caused by?

  Viral infection causing airway swelling
• What treatment helps reduce airway inflammation in croup?

  Dexamethasone
• What type of inheritance is cystic fibrosis?

  Autosomal recessive
• How is Hirschsprung's disease diagnosed?

  Rectal suction biopsy
• What translocation is common in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

  t(12:21)
• What does prolonged jaundice in an infant suggest?

  Obstructive cause of jaundice
• What causes the 'spastic' subtype of cerebral palsy?

  Damage to the pyramidal pathway
• What is the initial management for newborn respiratory distress?

  Give five breaths using a bag-valve mask
• What is the first-line treatment for faecal impaction in young children?

  Macrogol laxative, such as Movicol