gynae

• What does lichen sclerosus present with in the anogenital area?

  White thickened plaques
• What is the primary symptom caused by lichen sclerosus?

  Significant itching
• What is the most effective emergency contraception?

  Copper intrauterine device
• How long after unprotected intercourse can the copper IUD be used for emergency contraception?

  Within five days
• What symptoms may indicate atrophic vaginitis in post-menopausal women?

  Dyspareunia, post-coital bleeding, vaginal dryness
• What is the treatment for atrophic vaginitis?

  Vaginal lubricants and creams
• What does a referral for colposcopy indicate in cervical screening?

  Borderline or abnormal cells on cytology
• What is the first-line treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding in women trying to conceive?

  Tranexamic acid
• How does tranexamic acid help in heavy menstrual bleeding?

  Reduces blood loss without affecting fertility
• What risk factor is associated with early menarche?

  Increased lifetime oestrogen exposure
• What is the most common causative organism in pelvic inflammatory disease?

  Chlamydia trachomatis
• What symptom typically presents with cervical cancer?

  Intermenstrual or post-coital bleeding
• How does a vaginal pessary help with uterine prolapse?

  Provides mechanical support to pelvic organs
• Which demographic has an increased risk of developing fibroids?

  Afro-Caribbean women
• What does a BRCA1 gene mutation indicate in the context of ovarian cancer?

  Risk factor with raised CA125 and pelvic mass
• What should be considered in young women with unexplained abdominal mass and raised AFP and b-hCG levels?

  Possibility of a germ cell tumour
• Why is hormone replacement therapy contraindicated in women with a history of breast cancer?

  Increased risk of recurrence
• What is cervical ectropion?

  A benign condition with spotting
• What should be considered for patients with a history of genital herpes regarding IUDs?

  Not suitable candidates for IUD
• What is the most appropriate method for medical termination in early pregnancies?

  Mifepristone followed by misoprostol
• What are common symptoms of endometriosis?

  Dysmenorrhoea, deep dyspareunia, rectal pain
• What is the initial management for endometriosis?

  NSAIDs like mefenamic acid
• How does the combined oral contraceptive pill help with endometriosis?

  Regulates and suppresses menstrual cycle
• What is the next step after a 12-day course of medroxyprogesterone in managing PCOS?

  Combined oral contraceptive pill
• What is Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome?

  Complication of pelvic inflammatory disease
• What are the characteristic features of Turner’s syndrome?

  Primary amenorrhoea, webbed neck
• What characterizes overactive bladder syndrome?

  Involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle
• What type of hormone replacement therapy benefits perimenopausal women?

  Monthly cyclical hormone replacement therapy
• What should a woman with mild dyskaryosis and HR-HPV infection undergo?

  Colposcopy for further investigation
• What is the role of Mifepristone in medical termination of pregnancy?

  Blocks progesterone action and prepares cervix
• What is the effectiveness window for Levonorgestrel as emergency contraception?

  Up to 72 hours post-intercourse
• What are long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs)?

  Highly effective contraception with minimal management
• What are the symptoms of endometriosis?

  Pelvic pain, dyspareunia, difficulty with defecation
• What is CA125 associated with?

  Ovarian tumours
• What should be the initial investigation for young women with missed periods and other symptoms?

  Pregnancy test
• What characterizes secondary dysmenorrhoea?

  Menstrual pain occurring before menstruation starts
• What may indicate ovarian torsion?

  Sudden onset, severe right iliac fossa pain
• What is the diagnostic sign for ovarian torsion on imaging?

  'Whirlpool' sign
• How is lichen sclerosus primarily managed?

  Topical corticosteroids
• What symptoms may indicate squamous-cell carcinoma?

  Soreness and itching associated with vulval ulceration