BIOLOGY

• Panspermia argues that life originated in another planet in the universe and reached earth accidentally
• Organic substances obtained from meteors that fell on earth support the Panspermia theory
• Theory of chemical evolution suggests that life originated from changes in chemical substances in seawater under specific conditions on primitive earth
• A.I. Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane are proponents of the theory of chemical evolution
• Urey and Miller experiment recreated the atmosphere of primitive earth containing methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor
• High voltage electricity was passed through the gaseous mixture in the experiment instead of natural energy sources like thunder and lightning
• Organic molecules such as amino acids were found in the sediment substances in the Urey-Miller experiment
• Organic compounds were formed in the oceans of primitive earth due to chemical evolution over millions of years
• Jean Baptist Lamarck proposed Lamarckism, where acquired characters developed during an organism's lifetime are not inheritable
• Charles Darwin proposed Darwinism, where natural selection leads to the diversity of species
• Darwin's theory of evolution was based on observations made during his voyage to the Galapagos Islands on the HMS Beagle
• Darwin's theory of natural selection explains that variations in organisms lead to the survival of those with favorable variations
• Neo-Darwinism is a modified version of Darwinism that incorporates new information from genetics, cytology, geology, and paleontology
• Mutation theory explains that new species are formed by inheriting sudden changes in genes, known as mutations
• Evidences of evolution include paleontology, comparative morphology, physiology, and modern molecular biology
• Fossils are remnants of primitive organisms and provide evidence of the history of life on earth
• Oldest known fossils date back to about 3.5 billion years ago and are of prokaryotes
• Homologous organs are organs with similar structures but perform different functions, showing adaptations to different habitats
• geological time scale

  A) primitive cell

  B) prokaryotes

  C) eukaryotes

  D) colony of eukaryotes

  E) multicellular organisms

  F) 3800

  G) 3500

  H) 1500

  I) 1000

  
• founder of lamarckism

  A) Lamarck

  
• • founder of Darwinism and evelution theory
  • wrote origin of speices by means of natural selections

  A) Charles Darwin

  
• galapagos finches

  A) Woodpecker finch

  B) Insectivores Finch

  C) Cactus Eating Finch

  D) Small ground Finch

  E) Large Ground Finch

  F) Tree Finch

  G) Medium Sized Tree Finch

  H) Ancestor Finch

  
• economist

  A) Robert Malthus

  
• THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTIONS

  A) Organisms With Variations

  B) Over Production

  C) Struggle For Existence

  D) Those with no favourable conditions

  E) Destroyed

  F) Those with favouable Conditions

  G) Natural selections

  H) SURVIVE

  I) FAVOURABLE VARIATIONS ARE TRANSFERRED TO THE NEXT GEN

  J) ACCUMULATION OF VARIATION INHERITED THROUGH GEN

  K) ORIGIN OF NEW SPECIES

  
• MUTATION THEORY

  A) HUGO DEVRIS

  
• evidance provided by fossils

  A) Primitive fossils have simple structure

  B) Recently formed fossils have complex structures

  C) Certain fossils are connecting links b/w diff species

  
• biochemistry and phisiology

  A) bacteria

  B) enzymes control chemical reactions

  C) energy is stored in atp molecule

  D) genes determine the heredity of cells

  E) carbohydrates , fats and proteins are the basic structu

  F) human being

  
• molecular biology

  A) chimpanzee

  B) no change'

  C) gorilla

  D) rat

  E) difference of one amino acid

  F) difference of 31 amino acis

  
• evelution

  A) monkey

  B) gibbon

  C) orangutan

  D) gorilla

  E) chimpanzee

  F) man

  G) cercopithecoidea

  H) small brain

  I) long tailed

  J) hoiminoidae

  K) developed brain

  L) freely

  M) movable hands

  N) anthropoidea

  
• Atmosphere of primitive earth

  • Gases like hydrogen, nitrogen

  carbon dioxide, methane,

  ammonia, water vapour,

  hydrogen sulphide etc.

  • No free oxygen.
• Source of energy

  • Thunder and lightning.

  • Ultraviolet radiations.

  • Volcanic eruptions.
• Condensation of water vapour present in the atmosphere and the resulting

  incessant rain led to the formation of oceans.
• Simple organic molecules

  • Amino acids

  • Monosaccharide

  • Nitrogen bases

  • Fatty acids etc
• Complex organic molecules

  • Protein

  • Polysaccharide

  • Nucleotides

  • Lipids etc.
• Every species produces more offspring than can survive on earth
• Offspring compete for food, space, and mates
• Competition becomes intense when there are more organisms and fewer resources
• Organisms exhibit many variations, which can be favourable or unfavourable
• Organisms with favourable variations survive in the struggle for existence
• Variations that are inherited through generations help form species different from their ancestors