normans 2

• What is an Earl in Norman England?

  Man of great influence running an earldom
• What does 'illegitimate' mean?

  Born outside of marriage
• What is a sub-regulus?

  A deputy king
• What is a Witan?

  A group of leading earls and churchmen
• What does Aethling refer to?

  Of noble birth
• What does Post Obitum mean?

  A designation or bequest of a throne after death
• How was England characterized before 1066?

  Sophisticated society with 2 million inhabitants
• What was the key feature of society in England before 1066?

  Religion, specifically Catholic Christianity
• Who ruled England before Edward the Confessor?

  Harthacnut, Edward's half brother
• What was the Godwin family known for in 1066?

  Being a powerful ruling family in England
• Who was William the Duke of Normandy related to?

  Edward through his mother’s side
• What claim did William make regarding the throne?

  Edward promised him the throne earlier
• Who was Harald Hardrada?

  King of Norway and powerful Viking
• What was Hardrada's claim to the throne?

  A relative of the previous king should be chosen
• Who was Harold Godwineson?

  Most important earl in England
• What did Harold claim regarding the throne?

  Edward promised him the throne on his deathbed
• Who was Edgar the Aethling?

  Great nephew to Edward
• Why was Edgar supported by many earls?

  He was an Anglo-Saxon
• What was William's title due to his successful campaigns?

  Conqueror
• What is a gonfanon?

  Flags used to signal movements in battle
• What does mobilise mean?

  Getting troops ready to fight
• What is a coronation?

  Crowning of the next monarch
• What is a fyrd?

  Ordinary, peasant soldiers
• What did William do after Edward's death?

  Started to mobilise forces for invasion
• What was the significance of the Papal banner for William?

  It meant he had the Pope's support
• How did William prepare for his invasion?

  Built boats and produced weapons
• How many men joined William's campaign?

  8000 men
• What was the significance of the River Somme for William?

  It was the departure point for England
• When did William land in Pevensey?

  28th September 1066
• Why was Harold not in Pevensey when William landed?

  He was fighting the Viking invasion up North
• How did Harald Hardrada invade England?

  With 300 ships up the River Humber
• What was the outcome of the Battle of Fulford Gate?

  Earls Edwin and Morcar attempted to stop Hardrada but lost
• What did King Harold do to counter Hardrada's invasion?

  Moved North with his private army
• How far did Harold travel to reach Stamford Bridge?

  190 miles
• What was the result of the Battle of Stamford Bridge?

  Hardrada and Tostig were killed
• What was the significance of the Battle of Stamford Bridge for Harold?

  It was a victory but short-lived
• How were Norman battles characterized?

  Advanced tactics and weaponry
• What was the role of cavalry in Norman warfare?

  Men on horseback trained to fight
• What is infantry?

  Soldiers on foot
• What tactic did the Normans use during the Battle of Hastings?

  Feigned retreat to break the shield wall