planes and axis' of movement

• longitudinal axis: imaginary line that passes from top to bottom through the body and around which transverse plan rotations occur
• sagittal axis: imaginary line that passes through the body from the front to back and around which frontal plane rotations occur
• frontal axis: imaginary line that passes through the body from side to side and around which sagittal plan rotations occur
• sagittal plane movements: flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion
• frontal plane movements: abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation, depression, inversion, eversion, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation
• transverse plane movements: left and right rotation, medial and lateral rotation, supination and pronation, and horizontal abduction and adduction
• glenohumeral joint-

  plane of movement: all (transverse, frontal, sagittal)

  axis of rotation: all (transverse, frontal, sagittal)

  movements: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, external/lateral rotation, internal/medial rotation and circumduction
• lumbar spine-

  plane of movement: all (sagittal, frontal, transverse)

  axis of rotation: all (sagittal frontal transverse)

  movements: flexion/extension, rotation, lateral flexion
• ulnohumeral joint-

  plane of movement: sagittal plane

  axis of rotation: frontal axis

  movements: flexion/extension
• Radioulnar joint-

  plane of movement: transverse plane

  axis of rotation: longitudinal

  movements: pronation/supination
• radio-carpal joint-

  plane of movement: sagittal plane

  axis of rotation: frontal axis

  movements: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction (radial/ulnar deviation)