Lesson 4 Mastering

• How is the expression of surface antigens on red blood cells determined?

  genetics
• As you saw in the video, ABO blood group is based on the presence or absence of specific glycoproteins called antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Label the red blood cells with the correct antigen(s).

  • Type A: A antigen Type B: B antigen Type AB: A and B antigens Type O: No antigens
• People who have the B antigen on the surface of their red blood cells have ___antibodies in their plasma.

  anti-A
• People who have neither A nor B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells have ___ antibodies in their plasma.

  anti-A and anti-B
• People who have both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells have ___ anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in their plasma.

  neither
• People who have the A antigen on the surface of their red blood cells have ___ antibodies in their plasma.

  anti-B
• Like the ABO blood group, the Rh blood group is important in determining blood transfusion compatibility. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Rh blood group?

  Anti-Rh (D) antibodies are only found in Rh- individuals who have been exposed to Rh+ blood
• go back to 2
• Top layer of whole blood after centrifugation is composed of

  plasma
• Middle layer of whole blood after centrifugation is composed of

  Leukocytes, platelets, buffy coat
• Bottom layer of whole blood after centrifugation is composed of

  hematocrit, erythrocytes
• first step to determining hematocrit

  place heparinized capillary tube into the blood
• second step for determining hematocrit

  fill the tube three-quarters full with blood
• third step for determining hematocrit

  seal the tube with capillary tube sealer or clay
• fourth step for determining hematocrit

  place the tube in a microhematocrit centrifuge
• fifth step for determining hematocrit

  centrifuge the blood for 4 to 5 minutes
• Compare the normal hematocrit to the patient’s hematocrit. What is the patient’s likely condition based upon the hematocrit shown?

  anemia

  
• Correct order for how EPO works to restore normal blood oxygen levels

  Kidney releases EPO, EPO stimulates red bone marrow, enhanced erythropoiesis, RBC count increases, O2 carrying ability of blood increases
• The hormone ___ enhances EPO production. This is one of the reasons that males have a slightly higher hematocrit than females

  testosterone
• How would blood doping with EPO affect a patient’s hematocrit?

  Blood doping with EPO would raise a patient's hematocrit
• Three types of formed elements found in blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and __________.

  platelets
• The normal hematocrit value for __________ is generally higher than that of the opposite sex.

  Males
• Blood typing is based on the presence of proteins known as __________ on the outer surface of the red blood cell plasma membrane.

  antigens
• Mature __________ are the most numerous blood cells and do not have a nucleus.

  erythrocytes
• If an individual is transfused with the wrong blood type, the recipient's antibodies react with the donor's antigens, eventually clumping and hemolyzing the donated RBCs.

  true
• A blood test reveals a large increase in the number of RBCs. One possible explanation for this may be ________.

  polycythemia
• A person who has symptoms of paleness and chronic fatigue is suspected of having anemia. To investigate this suspicion further, it would be most helpful to measure ________.

  hematocrit
• Blood types

  A) Type AB

  B) Type B

  C) Type A

  D) Type O

  
• A person with type AB blood receives a transfusion of type O blood. Will there be a transfusion reaction? Why or why not?


  No: the recipient has no antibodies to antigens A and B, and therefore can receive blood of any ABO blood type
• A person with type B- blood receives a transfusion of type O+ blood. It is his very first blood transfusion. Will there be a transfusion reaction? Why or why not?


  No: the recipient has no antibodies to the Rh factor because this is his first transfusion
• Plasmapheresis is a procedure in which blood is removed, its plasma is separated from the formed elements, and the formed elements are returned to the patient or donor. Kidney transplants usually require that the donor and recipient have the same blood type. If plasmapheresis is administered to the patient before and after the transplant surgery, rejection of the kidney is less likely to occur. Explain why.


  Plasmapheresis removes the soluble components in the blood that can trigger a rejection reaction, such as antibodies (globulins).
• Identify the most muscular chamber.

  left ventricle
• Name the inner lining of the heart.

  Endocardium
• Identify the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle.

  Bicuspid (mitral) valve
• What heart chamber pushes blood through the aortic semilunar valve?

  left ventricle
• Name the irregular ridges of muscle lining the ventricles that are not indirectly to the atrioventricular values.

  Trabeculae carneae
• What fibrous structure functions to anchor the atrioventricular valves in a closed position?

  Chordae tendineae
• True or false. Blood on the right never mixes with blood on the left, once the heart is fully developed.

  True
• What is the function of the coronary circulation?

  Provide a blood supply to the heart
• What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

  A remnant of the ductus arteriosus