Case study on Wednesday

• Prokaryote 


  Organisms that do not contain membrane-bound organelle or a nucleus
• Bacteria


  single-celled organisms that are among the simplest and earliest forms of life on earth. They are prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelle
• Binary fission

  type of Asexual reproduction in which a single parent organism divides into two genetically identical daughter organisms. this process is common in many prokaryotes, such as bacteria and archaea
• What is tuberculosis

  an infectious bacterial disease characterized by the growth of nodules (tubercles) in the tissues, especially the lungs.
• Antibiotics

  A class of medications that are used to treat bacterial infections. they work either by killing bacteria or inhibiting their growth. Can either target a wide spectrum of bacteria or a narrow spectrum, to a specific type of bacteria. Not effective against all viral infections
• Antibiotic resistance

  occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasite develop the ability to withstand the effects of antibiotics, inhibiting their growth (they can still reproduce)
• what makes up the most abundant group of organism on earth and where do they live

  they are the most abundant group of organisms on earth and they inhabit all environments eg water, soil, air
• Bacteria can be Pathogenic
• What does unicellular mean?

  Consisting of one cell
• Are bacteria eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?
• A single-celled organism is considered unicellular
• Some bacteria are Pathonogenic however allot are usefull
• Favourable conditions for growth/reproduction of bacteria can vary, the level of humidity they prefer also varies
• Label the diagram

  A) cocci

  B) diplococci

  
• label the diagram

  A) bacilli

  
• Label the diagram

  A) spirilli

  
• Label the diagram

  A) Vibrios

  
• Can occur singly, in chains

  (Streptococcus), in clumps

  (Staphylococcus)
• How do bacteria differ from other cells?

  Differs from most living cells because it has no

  organelles & no true nucleus.
• Cell membrane Function

  • regulates the passage of materials into & out of the cytoplasm.
  • serves as a mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum & sometimes a chloroplast.
• Function of the ribosomes

  Protein synthesis
• Pillus (plural pili) function

  extends out of the

  cell to transfer DNA

  to another

  bacterium.
• Flagellum function

  Used for locomotion
• Some bacteria contain a Plasmid, the function is?

  A small chromosome with extra genes
• some bacteria have a Capsule this is a?


  a waxy /sticky substance external to the

  cell wall that protects bacteria from attack by white blood cells.
• Label the bacteria

  A) capsule

  B) pilus

  C) plasmid

  D) ribosome

  E) flagellum

  F) nucleoid (DNa)

  G) Cytoplasm

  H) Cell wall

  I) cell/plasma membrane

  
• Under what conditions does bacteria reproduce?

  Warm, moist conditions (human

  body-perfect)
• How do bacteria reproduce quickly

  Reproduce very rapidly by binary

  fission.
• A bacterium may divide as often as every 6

  minutes very quickly forming a colony.
• What conditions are unfavourable for bacteria

  High temperatures &

  dryness.
• How do bacteria survive in unfavourable conditions 


  ●Survive by becoming

  dormant.

  ● Form spores with a thick

  protective coat around

  themselves.

  ● Spore splits open to release

  bacterium when favourable

  conditions return.
• Label the Bacterial Growth Curve

  A) Lag

  B) exponential

  C) stationary

  D) death

  E) cell number stays the same

  F) cell number decreases

  G) cell number increases

  H) size uncrease number remains the same

  
• Label the diagram of Binary fission

  A) attachment site

  B) nucleoid

  C) replicated DNa

  D) cross wall

  E) daughter cell

  F) daughter cell

  G) cell wall

  H) cytoplasmic membrane

  
• What causes TB?

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria.
• How is TB transmitted

  TB germs are passed through the air when someone who is sick with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, speaks, laughs, sings, or sneezes. Anyone near the sick person with TB disease can breathe TB germs into their lungs.
• How is TB Treated?

  Various antibiotics, Six month DOTS treatment (Directly Observed Therapy)
• what is the link between HIV and TB?

  HIV weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of TB in people with HIV.
• What is the independent variable

  This is the variable that is actively changed by the experimenter
• What is the dependent variable

  The variable that responds to the changes made, usually what you are measuring or observing
• What is the fixed variable?

  all the variables kept the same to ensure a fair test