reading and writing

• Text

  • a large unit of written language
  • a group of ideas put together to make a point or one central idea
  • has a structure which requires the ideas in the discourse to be relevant to each other
  • an actually connected discourse
• discourse

  • utterance, talk, speech, discussion, and conversation
  • ar extended expression of thoughts or ideas
  • The ideas in discourse are not connected or do not have a particular structure.
• according to Bacon, in his essay "of studies" reading make the full man" reading is most useful and important skill. It is more important than speaking and writing. Reading is a source of joy.
• According to Menon and Patel, Reading habits,

  "good reading

  habits which keep a student reading regularly for both pleasure and profit are the most valuable single stimulant for growth that the school has impart"
• Reading is an activity which takes on stages or levels. According to Woods (2006), it has three (3) stages

  PRE

  DURING

  POST
• STRATEGIES TO BE AN EFFECTIVE

  READER

  PREVIEWING

  PREDICTING

  OVERVIEWING

  SURVEYING

  GUESSING FROM CONTEXT

  PARAPHRASING
• TECHNIQUES IN READING (5)

  SKIMMING

  SCANNING

  SQ3R

  COMPREHENSIVE

  CRITICAL
• Properties of a Well-written Text

  ORGANIZATION

  COHERENCE AND COHESION

  APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE USE
• Previewing

  Review titles, section headings.

  and photo caption

  To get a sense of the Structur and content of a reading selection.
• Predicting Use knowledge about

  the subject matter, author, and text type, and purpose.
• Overviewing

  To look at chapters or sections
• Surveying

  To give a rundown from the first section to last
• Guessing from Context

  Use background knowledge of the subject and ideas in the text
• Paraphrasing

  Stop at the end of a section

  To check comprehension by restating the information and ideas in the text
• SKIMMING

  This is a strategy used to get only th main idea of a written text in order to know what the material is all about.
• 3 STYLES PF SKIMMING

  PREVIEWING

  OVERVIEW

  SURVERYING


  .
• Previewing.

  This involves giving the material a general look in order to know what the material Contains.
• Overviewing.

  This makes use of taking a look at the title, chapter, or heading
• SURVEYING

   involves giving the text a

  rundown from the first section to the last section
• SCANNING

  This is used to search only for specific information needed.
• SO3R is an excellent technique Do use with textbooks that provide a lot of information. and require you to learn the material in depth.
• SQRRR

  Survey

  Question

  Read

  Recall

  Review
• COMPREHENSIVE

  This technique requires processing of the text for full understanding of the material.
• CRITICAL

  It is a technique which involves an analysis of the claims presented in the text.
• Organization

  • refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text
  • Creating an Outline of ideas before you start writing can help your work become organized.
• Outline

  provides format in which ideas can be arranged in a hierarchy- that is, it distinguishes the general ideas from the specific or subordinating ideas
• Coherence and Cohesion

  • refer to the connection of ideas and connection between sentences and between paragraphs
• In order for you to assure coherence and cohesion, you need use transitional and

  cohesive devices.
• Use a coniunction or conjunctive adverb to link sentences with particular logical relationships.
• Appropriate Language Use

  refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form of text
• Chronological Order

  first, second, later, before, next, as soon as, after, then, finally, meanwhile, following, last, during, in, on, until
• Order of Importance

  less, more, primary, next, last, most important, primarily, secondarily
• Spatial Order

  above, below, beside, next to, in front of, behind, inside, outside, opposite, within, nearby
• Definition Order

  is, refers to, can be defined as, means, consists of, involves, is a term that, is called
• Classification

  classified as, comprises, is composed of, several, varieties of, different stages of, different groups that
• Process

  first, next, then, following, after that, last, finally.
• Cause and Effect

  Causes:

  because, for, since, stems from, one cause is, one reason is, leads to, causes, creates, vields, due to, breeds, for this reason // Effects) consequently, results in, one result is, therefore, thus, as a result, hence
• Comparison and Contrast

  Similarities: both, also, similarly, like, likewise, too, as well as, resembles, correspondingly, in the same way, to compare, in comparison, share// Differences: unlike, differs from, in contrast, on the other hand, instead,

  despite, nevertheless, however, in spite of, whereas, as opposed to.
• Listing

  the following, several, for example, for instance, one, another, also, too, in other words, first, second, numerals (1, 2, 3...), letters (a, b, C...)
• Clarification

  in fact, in other words, clearly