Bio BM1

• Living things grow/develop, evolve/adapt, obtain/use energy, homeostasis, respond to stimuli, have a universal genetic code, and reproduce
• the hydrogen ends of a water molecule are positive and the oxygen side is negative
• Carbohydrates are shaped like a hexagon, end in -ose, and are a source of immediate energy. An example is cellulos- it makes rigid structure in plants
• Lipids are E shaped and are a source of long-term energy. The monomer is triglyceride
• Proteins- enzymes and made up of amino acids. They help move large molecules in/out of the cell.
• Nucleic Acid- DNA and RNA. It stores information about an organism's characteristics (genetic material)
• Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy. Temperature and pH levels can denature the enzyme
• Prokaryotes have a single prokaryotic cell. The only example is bacteria.
• The cell membrane is a thin, flexible layer around the cell.
• The golgi apparatus receives proteins and packages them for transport
• The endoplasmic reticulum is the "highway system" that transports the materials
• Ribosomes make proteins
• the mitochondria uses energy from food to make high energy compounds
• Lysosomes are filled with enzymes to break down wastes
• cytoplasm is a substance that suspends the organelles
• The cell wall supports and protects the plant cell
• vacuole stores water, salt, proteins, and carbs in plant cells
• Chloroplasts use the suns energy to make food in plants
• Cell Theory states: all living things are made of cells, all cells come from cells, and cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
• Passive transport uses no energy and moves with the concentration gradient from high to low.
• Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low
• osmosis is the facilitated diffusion of water across the membrane through aquaporins
• Active transport is uses energy and moves against the concentration gradient from low to high or high to low
• Endocytosis is movement into the cell. Two examples are pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Pinocytosis is considered as cell drinking and phagocytosis is cell eating
• Water will always move towards the hypertonic solution
• Hypertonic= less solute and more water outside the cell. Water will move out and the cell will shrink
• Hypotonic= more solute, less water outside the cell. Water will move into the cell and it will grow
• To get energy from an atp molecule, the bonds between the 2nd qand 3rd phosphate must be broken
• Photosynthesis equation: CO2 + H2O + Light >>> C6H12O6 + O2
• Light dependent reactions take place in the thylakoids and light independent (calvin cycle) reactions take place in the stroma
• Photosynthesis takes CO2 and cellular respiration releases CO2
• Steps in aerobic respiration: Glycolysis>Krebs Cycle>Electron Transport Chain
• Steps in Anaerobic respiration: Glycolysis>Fermentation
• The two different types of fermentation are lactic acid and ethyl alcohol
• genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism's dna
• recombiant dna is dna that contains foreign dna
• PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction, used to amplify a small amount of DNA into a large amount of DNA
• Restriction enzymes- cut DNA at specific sequences
• artificial selection- method of breeding that allows only desired traits to be reproduced
• miller and urey found amino acids in the atmosphere