ex. 27 [functional anat. of endocrine glands]

• nervous systems is fast acting w/ rapid control whereas the endocrine takes a couple days due to hormones being transported to target organs via circulatory system
• hormone: slow acting chemical messenger
• hormone molecular groups are steroids and amino-acids
• target cell: cells w/in an organ that respond to a particular hormone
• specific cellular receptors are needed in order for a hormone to take effect on a tissue
• thyroid

  • located in anterior neck
  • produced key hormones for metabolism
• hypothalamus

  • located in third ventricle
  • produces releasing hormones for anterior pituitary and produce hormones for posterior pituitary
• pancreas

  • behind the stomach and close to small intestine
  • mixed gland that secretes insulin (beta cell) and glucagon (alpha cell)
• testes

  • in scrotum
  • produces testosterone and sperm
• pituitary

  • located in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
  • releases tropic hormones as well as non-tropic hormones
• ovaries

  • female pelvic cavity
  • produces estrogen, progesterone, and ova
• thymus

  • upper thorax, overlying heart
  • thymulin, thymosin and thymopoietin for T-cell and immunity
• pineal gland

  • roof of third ventricle of brain
  • produces melatonin
• stimulated by tropic hormone

  • ACTH
  • estrogen
  • T3/T4
  • testosterone
  • TSH
  • FSH
• norepinephrine and epinephrine are stimulated by nervous system
• humoral factor stimulated

  • calcitonin
  • parathyroid hormone
  • insulin
• tetany is a result of low calcium levels, parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• excessive urine output without high blood glucose levels, low ADH
• loss of glucose in urine, low insulin
• abnormally low stature w/ normal proportions, low GH
• in adults: large bones of hands, feet and face, excessive GH
• nervousness, irregular pulse, sweating, excessive TH
• demineralization of bones, excessive PTH
• hyposecretion of thyroid hormone

  • children is cretinism: mental retardation w/ disproportionately short-sized body
  • adults is myxedema: low MR, edema, physical and mental sluggishness
• hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

  • grave's disease: elevated BMR, sweating, irregular heart rate, weight loss, eyeball protrusion, nervousness
• parafollicular cells of thyroid produce calcitonin which inhibits calcium release from bone
• follicular cells of thyroid produce T3 and T4
• beta cells of pancreatic islets produce insulin
• alpha cells of pancreatic islet produce glucagon
• basophil cells of anterior pituitary produce TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
• zona fasciculata cells produce glucocorticoids like cortisol
• zona glomerulosa cells produce mineralocorticoids like aldosterone
• parathyroid cell produce parathyroid hormone which increases calcium levels in the blood
• acidophil cells of anterior pituitary produce GH and prolactin (peptide hormones)
• tumor on adrenal medulla can cause hypersecretion of catecholamines, which trigger fight-or-flight response
• thyroid slide

  A) thyroid follicle w/ colloid

  B) follicular cells

  
• parathyroid slide

  A) oxyphil cells

  B) parathyroid cells

  
• pancreatic islet

  A) alpha cells (glucagon)

  B) beta cells (insulin)

  C) acini cells

  
• adrenal gland

  A) zona glomerulosa

  B) mineral corticoids (aldosterone)

  C) zona fasciculata

  D) glucocorticoids (cortisol)

  E) zona reticularis

  F) androgens