Bandura A03

• How large was the sample size in Bandura's 1961 study?

  72
• How large was the sample size in Bandura's 1963 study?

  96
• How large was the sample size in Bandura's 1965 study?

  66
• Why might large sample sizes cancel out anomalies in studies?

  Because unusual participants are balanced by typical ones
• Why might children from a university nursery be unrepresentative of normal children?

  They might have unusual home lives
• Why might it be difficult to generalize from children to adults in Bandura's studies?

  Adults might be less influenced by role models
• What did the 1965 Bandura study show about learned behaviors?

  Children can learn behaviours but not act it out until later
• According to the text, why might Bandura's studies not apply to adults?

  Adults might be less influenced by role models
• How does Bandura's procedure enhance reliability?

  It can be replicated
• What type of procedure did Bandura use?

  Standardised procedure
• How did Bandura ensure inter-rater reliability in his studies?

  By using two observers behind the one-way mirror
• What is meant by inter-rater reliability?

  A behaviour had to be noted by both observers
• How did filming the 1963 study enhance its reliability?

  The films can be watched by anyone
• What application does the 1961 Bandura study have?

  Parenting and teaching styles
• What does the 1961 Bandura study suggest about parenting and teaching?

  Children observe and imitate adults
• What possible effect could calm role models have on troubled students?

  They might help troubled students learn
• To what does the 1963a Bandura study have application?

  TV censorship
• According to Bandura, what effect might cartoon violence have on children?

  It might be causing aggressive behaviour
• What argument does the 1963 study count against?

  The "catharsis" argument
• What is the "catharsis" argument often used to defend?

  Violent sports
• What does the "catharsis" argument claim about watching violent sports?

  It helps audiences "vent" their aggression harmlessly
• What does Bandura suggest should happen to violent sports shown to children?

  They should not be shown to children
• How do heroes in media often reinforce violent behaviour?

  By being rewarded for violence
• How is violence rewarded in video games?

  By "levelling up"
• How is violence rewarded in films?

  The violent hero saves the day
• What does the 1965 Bandura study apply to?

  Media censorship
• What might reduce violence in society, according to the text?

  More media censorship
• What alternative media strategy is suggested to reduce violence?

  Showing real consequences of violence
• What is the main criticism of Bandura's studies?

  They lack validity
• What kind of situation did Bandura's studies create for children?

  A strange situation
• What is a Bobo Doll designed to do?

  Be hit and knocked over
• What might children suppose experimenters wanted them to do with the Bobo Doll?

  Play with it in this way
• What are demand characteristics?

  Participants do what they think researchers demand
• How did Bandura address the issue of demand characteristics?

  Creating a film with an adult attacking a clown
• What did children use to aggress against the "real life clown"?

  Plastic mallets
• According to the text, why is the "real life clown" variation appropriate for students to use in the exam?

  It's well-attested in textbooks
• What other explanations for aggression are there, besides role models?

  Biological ones
• What did Raine et al.'s 1997 study link to aggression?

  Certain brain deficits
• Why could the children not give valid consent?

  Because of their age
• Which brain area is linked to aggression, according to Raine et al.?

  Weak prefrontal cortex