leading questions

• Loftus and Palmer (1974)

  University students were asked to watch film clips of car accidents and were then asked a critical question about the accident but with different verbs.
• What were the results found by loftus and palmer using different verbs?

  smashed: 40.8 mph

  collided: 39.3 mph

  hit: 38.1 mph

  bumped: 34.0 mph

  contacted: 31.8 mhp
• What is response bias?

  Misleading information may have lead to a bias response, but not altered memory in any way.
• What is substitution explanation?

  The wording of a question actually changes how a person remembers an event (the information is altered before it is permanently stored).
• In a follow up, Loftus & Palmer asked if there was broken glass, results?

  Smashed: 16 yes, 34 no

  Hit: 7 yes, 43 no

  Control: 6 yes, 44 no