Biology

• Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes and are involved in breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
• Recessive Traits: 

  • Trait is rare in pedigree
  • Trait often skips a generation 
  • Trait affects males and females equally 

  Dominant Traits: 

  • Traits are common in pedigree 
  • Trait is found in every generation 
  • affected individuals transmit the trait to about ½ of their children regardless of gender 
• Humans have 4 main blood groups – A, B, AB and O. 

  Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. 

  Each group can be either RhD positive or RhD negative, which means in total there are 8 blood groups.
• Human Blood Type

  
• Chromosomes are coiled DNA
• • Chromosomes are coiled DNA
  • 23 pairs in humans (23 X 2=46 total) 
  • 1 “set” from each parent
  • 2 types of chromosomes:
  • Autosomal chromosomes: 22 pairs
  • Sex Chromosomes: 1 pair that determines if you are biological male or female
  • XY or XX
• “ploidy” = sets of chromosomes

  Haploid: 1 set of chromosome

  Ha = “single” in Greek ploid = sets of chromosomes

  Ex: Sperm and egg (AKA: gametes) are haploid, they only contain ONE set of chromosomes

  Diploid: 2 sets of chromosomes

  Di = “two” in Greek__ ploid = _sets of chromosomes

  Ex: Human somatic cells (all cells except sperm and egg) are diploid, they have TWO sets of chromosomes (23 pairs=46 total)
• Two main types of Reproduction

  
• Mitosis VS Meiosis