KIN 481 Final

• Which of the following best describes the role of vitamins and minerals in human physiology?

  They help in metabolizing energy substrates, balance fluid, carry oxygen, and remove metabolic byproducts
• Concerning vitamin and mineral supplementation, which of the following statements is most accurate?

  Excessive intake of vitamins or minerals, primarily through supplementation, may lead to toxicity
• Which of the following vitamin is water soluble?

  Niacin
• What role does Vitamin D play relation to minerals?

  it encourages greater absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus
• Identify the vitamin that is significant for collagen synthesis and is also water-soluble?

  Vitamin C
• Why are calcium and sodium particularly important for athletes?

  they are essential for maintaining bone health and regulating fluid balance
• Why is iron essential for athletes and what factors influencej its absorption?

  Iron is critical for oxygen transport and DNA synthesis, and its absorption is influenced by iron storage level and the presence of vitamin C in the diet
• What best describes the difference between sports anemia and true iron- deficiency anemia in athletes?

  Sports anemia is caused by enlargement of the blood volume without a reduction in blood constituents while true iron deficiency anemia is associated with smaller red cell blood volume and reduced stored iron
• Which group of athlete has a higher prevalence of exercise-induced asthma?

  athletes involved in cold weather or cold-environment sports scuh as skating, skiing, and hockey
• Iron Deficiency in athletes can lead to reduced performance even if which of the following are in the normal range?

  Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
• In a sedentary state, acetyl CoA can build up as a result of eating too much of which of the following macronutrients?

  Carbs, Fats, and Proteins
• Which of the following are immediate results of proteins right after they are broken down to their amino acid structures. Consider both anabolic and catabolic processes?

  Amino acid can be synthesized for muscle tissue, converted to pyruvated converted to acetyl CoA and be converted to an amine group to be excreted in the urine
• Fatty acids once converted to ____ are not reversible and therfore cannot be converted back to pyruvate to create glucose for the brain and replenish glycogen stores. acetyl CoA
• What does the chapter emphasize regarding the intake and distribution of energy substrate of athletes?

  it is essential to understand how energy intake and substrate distrubution optimize mental and muscle function
• In the context of the nutrition, how is the term 'calorie' used?


  It is equivalent to a kilocalorie
• What is the primary fuel for the brain?

  Blood sugar
• Which of the following is NOT a main disaccharide mentioned in the text?

  Fructose
• Which carbohydrate is identified as the main metabolic unit for human cells?

  glucose
• Which pancreatic hormone is secreted by the beta cells to regulate blood sugar?

  insulin
• In a 100-meter sprint why can't elite-level sprinters rely solely on phosphocreatine for energy through the entire event?

  because phosphocreatine storage lasts approximately 5 to 8 seconds
• What does the term ergogenic aid refer to?

  any substance that can improve physical or mental performance by eliminating fatigue symptoms
• Which of the following statements about dietary supplements is NOT true based on the United States Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act of 1994 and the Food and Drug administration regulations?


  Dietary supplements can be representative conventional food and considered as complete meal replacement
• Which of the following is NOT reason athletes might take ergogenic aids or supplements?


  to replace a balanced diet with ergogenic products
• Which of the following is NOT a category of ergogenic aids as mentioned in the text?

  Environmental aids
• Why do athletes often resort to ergogenic aids, despite the availability of safer alternatives?


  most ergogenic aids are taken to counter ongoing dietary shortcoming
• How do protein and amino acid supplements compare in cost to natural sources like chicken or meat in terms of providing the same nutrients?

  They are over 10 times more expensive
• What is the primary role of phosphocreatine in the body?

  It serves as storage depot for maintaining adenosine triphosphate during high-intensity activities
• Which of the following statements about creatine monohydrate supplementation is true?


  Loading with CrM can cause muscle PCr content to increase by as much of 50 percent
• Which of the following is NOT a potential effect or benefits of caffeine consumption?

  It causes a reduced dose effect with infrequent and irregular consumption
• What is the primary function of nitric oxide in the body?

  It modulates skeletal muscle function through mean such as regulation of blood flow and mitochondrial respiration
• What impact does dietary nitrate supplementation, such as beet juice, have on exercise?

  It reduced blood pressure and extends the time to exhaustion during high-intensity cycling
• Why is juice preferred over solid beets for the consumption of naturally occurring nitrate?

  Juice improves the surface are contact with the bacteria that convert nitrate to nitrite
• According to the content, what is a key challenge with traditional view of energy and nutrients delivery for athletes?

  It provides recommendation in units of 24 hours which may not be optimal for athletes
• How does the exercise affect the nutritional requirements of athletes?

  It increases the rate of energy usage and the rate of water and electrolyte lost as sweat
• What is a consequence of athletes not having sufficient energy available when the body requires it?

  Athletes are likely to rely exclusively on supplements and ergogenic aids
• Which of the following statements best represents the bodies response to energy intake?

  The bodies response to energy intake is dynamic and occurs in real-time
• In relation to fluid intake during physical activity, which of the following statements is true?

  Thirst should be considered an emergency sensation indicating delayed fluid intake
• What is the emphasized in the most crucial factor athletes prapring for competition?

  Consistently consuming enough energy and nutrients for the right kind, amount, and timing to support the bodies need
• What is the recommended dietary approach for an athlete approximately 90 min before physical activity to improve endurance performance?

  A high carb meal that is low in fat with approximately 20-30 grams of protein
• What activities should athletes and coaches avoid the day before the competition?

  running through multiple full routines at full-speed