Lecture 7

• Overall equation for aerobic respiration:

  • Glucose + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP) + Heat
• Cellular location of each metabolic pathway:

  • Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm
• Mitochondrial structure:

  • Composed of:
  • Ribose: five carbon sugar
  • Phosphate group: three PO4
  • Nitrogenous base: Adenine
• Reason for harvesting energy from glucose in stages:

  • Cells harvest energy from glucose in stages to efficiently extract energy from chemical bonds
• Overall process of glycolysis:

  • Glucose is primed, cleaved into two 3-carbon sugars, oxidized to produce NADH, and ATP is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation
• Key types of reactions in glycolysis:

  • Priming reactions (Energy investment)
  • Cleavage reactions
  • Energy-harvesting reactions
• Input and output of glycolysis:

  • Input: Glucose, 2 ATP molecules
  • Output: 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate (3-carbon molecules), 2 ATP
• Energy metabolism based on redox reactions:

  • Reactions involve the loss of electrons and protons, and energy is harvested through redox reactions
• Conversion of nutrients to ATP:

  • Glucose is oxidized to extract energy from chemical bonds to produce ATP
• Formation of ATP:

  • ATP is synthesized through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
• Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis:

  • Mechanisms by which cells make ATP
• Steps of glycolysis:

  • Glucose phosphorylation
  • Isomerization
  • Fructose phosphorylation
  • Cleavage
  • Oxidation
  • ATP formation
  • Isomerization
  • Dehydration
  • Formation of ATP and pyruvate