5.2 - Information Processing

• Input


  See, feel, hear
• Decision making


  interpret input in CNS and decide upon action
• Output


  action carries out
• Welford’s Model of Processing


  Model 1:

  
• Welford’s Model of Processing


  Model 2:

  
• Sensory Input

  Exteroceptors

  • Sensing exterior stimuli like pain, pressure, temperature and touch 

  Proprioceptors

  • Receives stimuli within the body, especially those to do with movement and position 

  Interoceptors

  • Receives stimuli from the gut and other internal organS
• Perception


  Perception refers to the process by which individuals interpret and make sense of sensory information from their environment.
• Memory


  We have 2 types of memory, short term memory and long term memory. Short-term memory is responsible for holding and processing information temporarily, while long-term memory stores information for a more extended period.
• Decision Making

  • Decision-making is the process of choosing a course of action from various alternatives based on the processed sensory information.
  • The brain evaluates and weighs different options before selecting an appropriate response.
  • The decision process occurs by comparing the current situation, held in the short-term memory with previous experiences held in the long-term memoRy to determine appropriate action
• Effector Control


  Effector control is when organs or tissues respond to signals from the brain resulting in a specific action or change in the body.
• Effector


  feeling after you made a decision
• Feedback


  Intrinsic feedback relates to the kinaesthesia of the skill

  Extrinsic feedback is data from external sources
• Exteroceptors


  Outline: Detect information from outside the body (sight, touch, smell, hearing)

  Sporting context: information that the performer can see, hear and touch
• Proprioceptors


  Outline: detects and informs the CNS for body position and limb movements (there are also intercroptors)

  Sporting context: movement is a fundamental cog in performing skill, these receptors feedback to the CNS with reference to correct movements and power of movements
• Detection


  The process of the registering of the stimulus, by the sense organ
• Comparison


  the process of referring the stimulus to the memory, to compare it to previously stored stimuli
• Recognition


  the process of finding a corresponding stimuli in the memory
• Short-term Memory (STM)


  Is held for 10 seconds, however can only hold up to 7 +/- 2 pieces of information at once
• Long-term Memory (LTM)


  can hold unlimited pieces of information and the information can be stored for a lifetime
• Selective Attention

  • opiates in the STSS
  • only relevant information is passed to STM where it is held for several seconds
  • information selected to the STM can be determined through previous experience/information in the LTM
  • experience allows SA to filter out irrelevant noise so the athlete can focus on the task at hand
  • sa is important in fats paced activities where immense focus is vital
• Memory

  • memory allows us to benefit from past experience
  • all incoming information is held in STSS and lost within 0.5 seconds
  • incoming information is only retained and processed if it is attained in STM
  • retention and passage to LTM are Dependant on rehearsal
• Association

  Link new information with information that the learner already knows, even in a different context to the new information.
• Brevity


  Giving a learner a small amount of information at a time to avoid overload.
• Chunking

  If the information is taught in small bundles, it has more chance of transferring to LTM than if it was taught in its entirety
• Clarity


  Avoid trying to teach two similar but distinct items in the same session, as the memory might overlap with the other
• Coding

  name/label sets of information
• Organisation


  Providing information in an order, allowing for meaningful learning
• Practice

  Repeat the information over and over, this creates a memory trace which is repeated shuttle between STM and LTM
• Rehearsal

  Processed and prepared, either mentally and/or physically
• Response Time Fomula

  Response Time = Reaction Time + Movement Time
• Response Time

  an ability, having individual group variance
• Reaction Time

  sdetection of stimulus, recognition of stimulus decision to respond, nerve transmission
• Movement Time

  Initiation action
• Hicks’s Law


  the reaction/response time increases as the number of alternative actions increase
• Psychological Refractory Period

  when two stimuli are presented close together so that the reaction time to the second stimulus is slower than normal

  
• Motor Programme

  a set of movements stored as a whole in memory, regardless of whether feedback is used in the execution
• Executive Programme

  a completed skill (golf swing with a 7 iron, lay up in basketball, long laces paced in soccer)
• Subroutine

  When taught for the first time would be chunked into small peices before building up the executive programme
• Open Loop Perspective

  memory trace is created between STM and LTM —> with practice this skilll becomes autonomous and subroutines —> the sbroutines are structured in a hierarchical way and this created the executive programme —> once the skill is learned it can be executed without feedback being used to control the movement
• Closed `loop Perspective


  feedback can be used to correct outcome of skill —> kinaesthetic/internal feedback is used —> closed loop movements are more effective with skills requiring slow limb movement or movements taking place over a longer period of time —> STM compares with LTM