WWI

• globalization: interconnected through trade & investment; economies of major countries depended on one another
• Democracy: elected lower houses of parliament; most adult males could vote; relatively free press
• Military Revolution: Naval technology improves; construction of railways; advancements in firearms and ammunition
• The Concert of Europe: European powers agreed that if a crisis arose they would resolve it peacefully through a conference of ambassadors
• Militarism: glorification of war; ready to mobilize; increase of military spending; arms race; Germany competed against England for naval superiority
• Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
• Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia, later US
• Imperialism: tension among nations; competition for colonies
• Crisis in the Balkans: multiple ethnic groups; long history of clashes; "powder keg" of Europe
• "powder Keg" refers to how one little spark has the potential to europt the whole nation into conflict
• Ottoman Empire in decline: new nations formed; everyone wanted a piece of the Balkans; Austria-Hungary annexed a portion
• Nationalism: deep devotion to one's nation; competitions between nations; European Rivalries; Britain and Germany competed for industrial dominance
• Industrialism: mechanization leads to modern warfare weaponry; Arms Race ensues
• The assassination of Franz Ferdinand: Archduke; heir to the Austrian throne; decided to visit Sarajevo; was shot by Gavrilo princip
• Gavrilo Princip: shot Ferdinand and his wife; Serbian rebel; Member of Secret Society (the black hand)
• MAINIA: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism, Industrialism, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• the Alliances System caused a chain reaction which led to war
• The Schlieffen Plan: attacked France first, then Russia; Germany snuck through Belgium (a neutral country) to get to France; ANGERED BRITAIN (Britain joins war)
• First Battle of the Marne: 600 taxis; fought for four days; Germans retreat
• The Western Front: region in Northern France
• Eastern Front: German/Russian Border; Germans, Austrians, and Turks fought Russians and Serbs
• Dardanelles: Gateway to Ottoman Empire; Allies want to capture capital (Constantinople) supply line to Russia
• Gallipoli Campaign: British, Australian, NewZealand, France attack (Goal: to take Dardanelles) German officers, Turkish troops defend; allies retreat
• The Italian Front: Italy and Austria-Hungary; fought in mountainous regions
• Trench: a complex networks of long, deep ditches designed as protective defenses; Led to drawn out war with extremely high casualty rates
• trenches were connected by communication trenches
• trenches were 6 feet wide and 7 feet deep
• trench lines were built in a zigzag pattern (if enemy enters trench they could not shoot straight down the line)
• trenches had Rats, lice, muddy water, human waste, dead and injured soldiers.
• Men stood in standing water for extended periods in trenches resulting in Trench foot (feet became infected and had to be amputated) (resulted in numbness, red and blue feet, and open sores)
• lack of proper garbage disposal in trenches
• to attack the enemy, soldiers had to charge across No Man's Land (filled with corpses, barbed wire, craters from artillery)
• Weapons of War: New technology (killed people more effectively) poison Gas, Machine Gun, Tank, Airplane, Submarine
• Shell shock: men serving frontlines were under tremendous amount of stress; experienced mental breakdowns; removed from the front; shell shock victims viewed as cowards & deserters (shell shock = PTSD)
• Russia Withdraws from War: brink of REvolution; Czar Nicholas II abdicates; 5.5 million Russian soldiers wounded/killed/prisoners
• Vladimir Lenin takes control: treaty of Brest-Litovsk (agreement with Germany, ends war between Russia and Germany, Russia gives land to Germany)
• Germans make one last attack on allies in France: surrenders; Kaiser Wilhelm steps down, Germany and France sign the Armistice
• Art before WWI: colorful; nature; happy; cheerful; everyday life; relaxed; detailed; realistic
• Gertrude Stein: one of the leaders of Lost Generation, Paris Home was salon for leading artists during WWI and II
• Ernest Hemingway: Served as an ambulance driver during WWI, wartime experiences colored his influential novels