Companion Animal Thermoregulation

• Flight in birds


  Metabolically costly but efficient form of locomotion due to anatomical adaptations.
• Difference between aquatic and terrestrial turtle feet


  Aquatic turtle feet are webbed for swimming, while terrestrial turtle feet are adapted for walking.
• Anatomical adaptations in birds for flight

  Feathers, hollow bones, efficient respiratory system, and strong pectoral muscles.
• Reptile vivarium setup


  Consider autotomy, substrate safety, lighting, and climbing structures.
• Amphibian enclosure considerations


  Design based on native habitat, maintain optimal temperature, and avoid toxic substances.
• Cage size for psittacine species


  Follow standard rules to provide adequate space for movement and wing stretching.
• Feet differences between passerines and psittacines


  Passerines have feet built for perching, psittacines have feet built for grasping.
• Cage placement considerations for birds


  Avoid direct sunlight, drafty areas, and kitchen placement.
• Birds' orders


  Passeriforms and Psittaciformes are the two orders of companion birds.
• Companion animal mammals intolerant to warm temperatures


  Chinchillas do not tolerate temperatures above 72 F.
• Dust bath for rodents


  Chinchillas and gerbils should be provided with a dust bath.
• Mesh exercise wheel issue


  Can cause injury due to toe and tail entanglement.
• Setting up enclosure for mammal species


  Simulate natural habitat, consider litter training, environmental measures, and cage cleaning.
• Metabolic rate influenced by body size


  Surface area to body mass ratio affects heat loss and metabolic needs.
• Fur protecting from heat


  Allows cool air circulation and reflects sunlight.
• Piloerection


  Elevation of hair follicles due to muscle contraction.
• Functions of skin


  Barrier, environmental protection, temperature regulation, sensory perception, motion and shape, antimicrobial.
• Skin and hair follicles of dogs and cats


  Differ from humans with compound hair follicles and no complete sweat glands.
• Snake shedding


  Lymph-like fluid produced prior to shedding, making the color dull.
• Spectacle


  Modified scale covering the eye.
• Plastron, carapace, scutes


  Ventral shell, dorsal shell, and scales making up the shells.
• Lizard shedding


  Shed skin when growing.
• Skin glands in frogs


  Mucus glands and granular glands secrete antimicrobials, pheromones, and toxins.
• Spiracles


  Breathing pores in the skin of a frog.
• Amphibians and reptiles' body temperature regulation


  Require external heat source, tropical species need 76-82 F, temperate species need 72-78 F.
• Effect of toad poison


  Contains a curare-like substance that relaxes skeletal muscles.
• Poisonous skin glands in amphibians


  Newt, salamander, or toad have glands on the back of their neck or tails.
• Feather growth process


  Feathers grow from papilla, branch, curl, and sheath falls off. Made of keratin.
• Preening


  Straightening and cleaning feathers using beaks.
• Molting


  Shedding old feathers and growing new ones.
• Altricial vs. precocial bird species


  Precocial hatch with a full coat, altricial stay warm by absorbing heat from parents.
• Down feather


  Loose branching structure used to trap body heat.
• Function of tail feathers


  Support precision steering in flight.
• Body feathers


  Scientifically known as contour feathers.
• Tail feathers


  Scientifically known as rectrices.
• Wing feathers


  Scientifically known as remiges.
• Feathers

  Evolved from dinosaurs, serve functions like flight, insulation, defense, display, and waterproofing.
• Dehydration leading to hyperthermia


  Decreased blood volume reduces heat dissipation from the body's surface.
• Methods to keep core temperature within range


  Vaporization, radiation, convection, and conduction.
• Risks of sustained fever


  Can cause organ failure, reduced blood flow, ischemia, and multiple organ failures.