Genchem

• Chemistry is the study of matter
• Matter is anything that has mass or weight and it occupies space (volume)
• Mass is the total amount of matter, or "stuff," in an object. While, weight is the force of gravity on an object
• Properties, composition, structure, changes, and energy are considered aspects of the matter in the study of chemistry.
• The three states of matter are solid, liquid, gas
• These are the particles composing matter: atoms, ions, and molecules.
• Atom is the smallest unit into which matter can be divided without the release of electrically charged particles
• Ions a particles with charges
• molecule is two or more atoms connected by chemical bonds, which form the smallest unit of a substance that retains the composition and properties of that substance
• Molecules are noted with the element symbol and a subscript with the number of atoms.
• Solid - compact, it vibrates, needs energy to break the bond, and have a definite shape and volume.
• Liquid - has a definite volume, but takes the shape of the container.
• Gas - it can move and it has no definite shape or volume
• Phases of matter are plasma, bose-einstein condensate, solid, liquid, and gas.
• Plasma - ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions, and electrons, to coexist.
• Plasma occurs naturally ang makes up the stuff of our sun, the core of stars and occurs in quasars, x-ray beam emitting pulsars, and supernovas.
• On earth, plasma naturally occurs in flames, lighting, and auroras.
• Scientists discovered bose-einstein condensate in 1995, which can be thought of as the opposite of plasma.
• Bose-einstein condensate occurs at ultra-low temperature close to the point that atoms are not moving at all.
• Bose-einstein condensate is a gaseous superfluid phase formed and cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero.
• When gas is ionized, it forms plasma
• When plasma is deionized, it forms gas
• Plasma is extremely hot gases.
• There are different properties of matter, these are physical, chemical, intensive, and extensive.
• If the properties are according to the change involved during the measurement of the property it is physical and chemical.
• Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of substance while extensive properties depends on the amount of substance.
• Physical property if no change in composition takes place during the determination or measurement of these properties, while in chemical property a change in composition occurs
• Elements are pure substances that are made up of only one kind of atom, while compounds are pure substances made up of two or more kind of atoms.
• NaCl (salt), C12H22O11 (sugar), and H2O (water) are examples of compounds.
• Homogeneous is a type of mixture that has a uniform composition and exhibits the same properties in different parts of the mixture.
• Heterogeneous is type of mixture that has a non-uniform composition and its properties vary in different parts of the mixture.
• Matter based on the number of components: mixtures and pure substances.
• Mixtures are composed of several components and the types of mixtures are homogeneous and heterogeneous.
• Pure substances are composed of only one component and the types of pure substances are elements and compounds.
• Separation methods are filtration, distillation, magnetic separation, decantation, sublimation, and chromatography.
• Filtration – to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering membrane, like paper or cloth
• Distillation – to separate a liquid in a homogeneous mixture
• Magnetic Separation – to separate a magnetic solid from a heterogeneous mixture
• Decantation – to separate a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture based on gravity
• Sublimation – to separate a volatile solid from a non-volatile solid