Skeletal system

• ossification is the process in which bones are formed
• osteoclats are cells that remove excess calcium
• osteoblats are cells that bring calcium to the bone
• osteoblats : when exercise we increase calcium, making our bones stronger
• there are 14 types of movement at synovial joint which are: flexion, dorsi flexion, plantar flexion, lateral flexion, horizontal flexion, extension, horizonatal extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, horizontal adduction, circumduction,rotation
• extension is reducing the angle at a joint
• flexion is reducing the angle at a joint
• dorsiflexion is bringing toes towards the shin
• plantaflexion is pointing toes away
• lateral flexion is the movement of bending sideways, from the waist
• horizontal flexion is with a straight arm or leg, moving the limb away from from the body
• horizontal extension is moving the limb away from the front of the body
• hyperextension is movement beyond the normal anatomical position, in the oppposite direction to flexion
• abduction is movement of a limb away from the midline
• adduction is the movement of a limb towards the midline
• horizontal abduction is bringing a limb across your body
• horizontal adduction is movement away from your body
• circumduction is a circlar movement that results in a conical action
• rotation is a circular movement of a limb and this also happen at the neck
• when we exercise the body respond by the production of synovial fluid and increase in mineral uptake
• the increase of mineral intake it makes the bones stronger and denser
• adaptations also known as a chronic response also include ligament strenght
• regular exercise reduces arthiritis
• artiritis cause inflammation leading to causing pain
• arthiritis reduces amount of cartilage which makes the bones to rub on each other and increase minerals
• osteoporosis is the weaking of the bones, by loss of calcium and a lacking of vitamin b and it makes bone more fragile
• There are 5 types of bones: Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones and Seasomoid bones
• Long bones are for: Movement, support, red blood cell production. An example of a long bone is: Humerus or Tibia or Fibula
• Short bones are: Small, light and strong. Their function is: Small movements, weight bearing, short absorptions. An example of Short bones is: Carpals and Metacarpals.
• Flat bones are: Thin, Slightly curved with large surface. Their job is to: Protect, Attachment to muscles. An example is: Sternum, Scapula, Cranium
• Irregular bones are: Complex shapes. Their job is: Protect, Reduce friction across the joints. An example is: The spinal chord.
• Sesamoid bones are: Find within a tendon, smooth surface. Their job is: Protection of the spinal chord movement An example is: Patella
• Vertebral column: contains 33 irregular bones, which has 5 sections: Cervical with 7 bones, Thoracic with 12 bones, Lumbar with 5 bones, Sacral with 5 bones and Coccyx with 4 bones
• There are 2 types of postural deviations: Kyphosis which is an excessive outwards in the thoracic region. Scoliosis which is an abnormal curve of the spine from left to right and is shaped like a S.
• There are 8 functions of the skeletal system and they are: Support, Protection, Attachment for skeletal muscle, source of blood cell production such as RBC, WBC and platelets, store of minerals, such as calcium and phosphorous, leverage, weight bearing to prevent injury, reduce friction across the joint.
• There are 3 classifications of joints and they are: Fixed which is also called immovable, protects your brain, formed with bones interlock no movement allowed. Slightly moveable joint, knowns as cartilaginous, reduce friction and allows movement only to certain direction. Synovial joints is when 2 or more bones meet to form a joint, moves everywhere.
• Synovial joints have a structure: Ligament, which are attach bone to bone. Tendon which is attached from muscle to bone. Synovial fluid which prevents lubrification. Cartilage which prevents friction of bones and rubbing them together. Joint capsule which supports. Bursae which is a sack of fluid and reduces friction.
• There are 6 types of synovial joints and they are: Hinge joints, which allows movement in 1 direction. Ball and Socket, which allows movement in all direction and is cup shaped. Condyloid joints, which the bump on 1 bone sits in the hollow formed by another and is found in the wrist. Glinding joints are formed between bones to meet in a flat surface. Pivot joints allow movement in rototional movement. Saddle joints, which allows movement side to side, backwards, forwards.
• Hinge joints can be found in: Elbow, Knee, Ankle.
• Ball and socket are found: Hip and Shoulder