B.2

• Cell fractionation allows the extraction of organelles from cells
• Chromatography is good at isolating pure substances such as amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates and plant pigments.
• Gel electropheresis is used to seperate different molecules by pushing them through gel and using electrical charge.
• Transcriptions and translation are cell proccess responsible for the production of proteins.

  Transcription -> DNA serves as template for RNA by the mRNA

  Translation -> Ribosomes use the code carried by mRNA to produce a polypeptide/protein
• Compartmentalisation of the cell allows greater cell efficiency and prevents from certain reactions interfering with the cellular processes.
• Compartmentalisation allows for division of labour within a cell, carried out by a specific organelle within cell membrane.
• C6H1206 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
• Cellular respiration takes place within the mitochondrion.
• Outer membrane seperates the content of the cell from eachother.

  Matrix is an internal cytoplasm like substance containing enzymes for respiration to take place.

  Cristae is a tubular regions surrounded by membranes increasing surface area for reactions.

  Inner mitochondrial membrane - contains carrier and enzymes for final stages of respiration.

  Space in between membranes act as a reservoir for hydrogen ions (protons).

  
• If mitochondrial defect is present than ATP production may be diminished if not eliminated. Defects in children leads to muscle weakness and affects mental development.
• The chloroplast is known as the photosynthetic machine.

  6CO2 + 12H2O + Light --> C6H1206 + 6H2O + 6O2
• Photosynthesis is an anabolic process and occurs in autotrophs (organisms producing their own food)
• Extensive surfave area of thylakoid membrane, where light is absorbed.
• Extensive SA of thylakoids --> Greater absorption of light by photosynthesis

  Small space (lumen) --> Faster accumulation of fluid volumes within the thylakoids of protons

  Stroma region similar to cytoplasm --> Provides a region of the cell and the matrix of the mitochondrion where the enzymes neccesary for cellular processes reside.

  Double membrane --> Isolates the working parts and enzymes of the chloroplast from surrounding cytoplasm

  
• Double membrane of the nucleus provides DNA an area where DNA carries out its functions. Nuclear pores on the nuclear envelope allows small ions and molecules to diffuse between/through the nuclear material and cytoplasm. Inner membrane interacts with inactive form of DNA, Chromatin
• Ribosomic organelles found in both pro and euk cells. Ribosomes of prokaryotes are smaller (70S) than eukaryotes (80S). Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, binded to membranes or non-membranes which produce different proteins. Hormones and enzymes are examples.