Science Memo

• Active volcano - a volcano that has erupted recently and is expected to erupt again
• Dormant volcano - a volcano that has erupted in the last 2,000 years but not recently
• Extinct volcano - a volcano that is not expected to erupt again
• Lava - molten rock (magma) that usually flows from the crater of an active volcano
• Magma - molten rock below the earth’s surface
• Magma chamber - where molten rock is found deep below the earth’s surface
• Volcano - a cone-shaped mountain or hill often made up of lava and ash
• Crater - a roughly circular opening at the summit of a volcano
• Vent - an opening in the earth’s crust through which material is forced upwards during a volcanic eruption
• Volcanic bombs - large rock fragments thrown out by an erupting volcano
• Plate boundary - the place where plates meet on the earth’s surface and where most of the world’s earthquakes occur and volcanoes may be found
• ‘Ring of fire’ - a circle of active volcanoes found around the edge of the Pacific Ocean
• Volcanology - study of volcanoes
• Volcanologists - a geologist who focuses on the study of volcanic formation and activities
• Pipe - path through which the ejected materials pass
• When molten rocks, also known as magma, come out of the ground they are called lava
• Volcanoes formed as a result of subduction
• Subduction - process of two tectonic plates converge one another, with one descending below the edge of the other, causing molten rock to rise to the surface
• Different Types of Volcano:

  • Cinder cones considered as the simplest type of volcanoes, circular or oval cone
  • Shield cones warrior‘s shield-like sloping flat cone, some are the largest volcanoes like Mauna Loa in Hawaii
  • Composite Volcanoes a.k.a stratovolcanoes, cones are closely symmetrical, Mt. Fuji – Japan, Mt. Mayon – Philippines
• Plate boundary -  the place where plates meet on the earth’s surface and      where most of the world’s earthquakes occur and volcanoes may be found. 
• Plates – large sections of the earth’s crust.
• Richter scale – a scale used to measure the strength of an earthquake.
• Natural hazard – a great force of nature, such as an earthquake, flood or storm, which is a threat or danger to people and their way of life.
• Ash and dust – fine material thrown out by a volcano.
• Core – the central part of the earth.
• Hazard – a natural danger to people and their property and way of life. Hazards include earthquakes, storms, drought and floods.
• Active volcano – a volcano that has erupted recently and is expected to erupt again.
• Dormant volcano – a volcano that has erupted in the last 2,000 years but not recently.
• Extinct volcano – a volcano that is not expected to erupt again.
• Vent – an opening in the earth’s crust through which material is forced upwards during a volcanic eruption.
• Seismograph – An instrument used to record the motion of the ground during an earthquake. 
• Volcano – is an opening or vent on the earth’s surface where molten rocks, gases, and ashes are ejected.