World History- Exam one

• Civilization: "civils", Latin for citizen. Those citizens who mutually support each other.

  Ex: religion, government, and culture
• Ethnocentric: Those who believe their way of life is superior to others.

  Ex: colonialism
• Xenophobia: Fear of outsiders; don't understand others

  Ex: Amish
• Arnold Toynbee: British Historian who lived 1889-1975 CE; History of repetition- Rise? Peace? Decline? Theory of challenge and response- 2 types of challenges and responses: 1. natural 2. man-made.

  natural- climate change. How do we respond to it?

  man-made- government, war, slavery. How do we respond to it?
• Code of Hammurabi: 1750 BC, Written by the Babylonian King Hammurabi. Collection of 282 laws. Provided a legal framework for the exchange of goods and services.
• Pharaoh: The pharaoh was the leader of Egypt and was the most powerful person in the country. 6 roles: 1. King 2. Priest 3. Judge 4. Physician 5. Magician 6. Physical fitness
• Founders of Judaism:

  • Abraham is often considered the patriarch of Judaism
  • Moses is a significant figure who received the laws from God
• Followers of Judaism are Jews
• Beliefs of Judaism:

  • Based on the belief in one God, Yahweh
  • Central text is the Torah, which includes the first five books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy
• Sacred Texts in Judaism:

  • Apart from the Torah, other important texts include the Talmud and Midrash
• Origins of Judaism:

  • Traced back to the covenant between God and Abraham, believed to have occurred around 1800 BCE
• Judaism originated in Ancient Israel and has spread through the Diaspora
• Significance of Judaism:

  • Monotheism
  • Ethical Principles
  • Covenant
  • Survival and Resilience
• Cyrus the Great: 600-530BCE, founder of the Persian empire.

  Reasons for greatness: Rel. and Pol. tolerance- invaded/incorporated
• Darius I, also known as Darius the Great, was a Persian king of the Achaemenid Empire who ruled from 522 BCE to 486 BCE
• Darius ruled over the Achaemenid Empire, which encompassed a vast territory stretching from the Indus River in the east to the Aegean Sea in the west
• Darius was the third king of the Achaemenid dynasty, succeeding Cyrus the Great and Cambyses II
• Darius is credited with creating a legal code known as the "Darius Code," which provided a framework for the administration of justice within the empire
• Darius promoted cultural exchange within the empire, allowing various cultures and religions to coexist peacefully
• Darius left a monumental inscription at Behistun, Iran, detailing his rise to power and accomplishments
• The Behistun Inscription is trilingual, written in Old Persian, Elamite, and Akkadian
• The Behistun Inscription provided valuable historical insights about Darius's reign
• Darius the Great: 522-486BCE, King of Persia. Reasons for greatness: Expanded Empire, Built roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, and dams.