BBFLS Section

• Vasopressin regulates the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of the epithelial cells of which renal structure?

  Collecting ducts
• Replication?

  DNA --> DNA
• Transcription: DNA copied to RNA (mRNA) in nucleus
• Translation: mRNA used to produce proteins
• Gastrointestinal cells: highly proliferative, exhibit mitotic activity throughout adulthood
• What is DNA backbone formed by?

  phosphodiester linkages b/w deoxyribonucleotide molecules
• Electron transport chain uses NADH formed from glycolysis and krebs cycle to generate ATP
• What happens if electron transport chain is inhibted?

  glycolytic flux increases to compensate for decreased ETC-mediated ATP
• What are complex functions in chain?

  coupled. inhibition of one will affect the other
• Phagocytosis: The process by which a cell engulfs and digests a foreign particle.

  Phagosome fuse with lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes
• Phosphofructokinase: main regulatory enzyme of glycolysis--regulated both allosterically and by negative feedback loop by ATP
• Active transport: uses energy in form of ATP--transport solutes from an area of low conc. to high conc.
• OSmosis: movement of H2O
• Diffusion: movement of solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. does not require energy
• Facilitated Diffusion: utitlizes transport proteins to promote diffusion from high conc. to low conc.
• Action potential: depolarization occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels rush Na+ into membrane and K+ out
• Action potential: repolarization occurs when voltage gate potassium channels rush K+ into axon membrane and Na+ out
• membranes contain high content of nonpolar/hydrophobic amino acid residues
• To activate expression of target genes (transctiption factors) must be located in the nucleus and contain a nuclear localization sequence for target gene
• Ubiquitination: marks proteins for degradation by a protesome
• Western blot: detects specific proteins
• Southern blot: detects specific DNA sequences
• Northern blot: detects particular RNA sequences
• Collecting duct: renal structure responsible for conc. of urine as it passed from individual nephrons to minor calyx
• Microglia: mediate immune response w/n the CNS
• Astrocytes: help to control chemical environment w/n the CNS--contribution to the blood-brain barrier
• Schwann Cells: primary myelin-producing cells in the PNS--myelin insulates axons allowing for rapid propagation of action potentials
• Oligodendrocytes: primary myelin-producing cell in the CNS
• 25˚C = 298 K
• Osomotic pressure equation?

  $π=$$iMRT$

  i= i factor

  M = concentration of solute

  R= gas constant

  T= temp in k
• prion: misfolded variants of a protein that can cause misfolding when interacting w/ normally folded variants of the same protein--if infected can lead to a disease in host organisms
• What are prions commonly known as?

  commonly known as infectious proteins
• Small intestine is responsible for absorption of nutrients from diet once nutrients are absorbed, they are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
• small intestine --> blood --> liver
• If a drug is becoming less effective (antibiotic resistance)?

  due to genetic changes w/n a pathogen that allow the pathogen to withstand the action of an antibiotic
• proteases: degrade proteins--digestion into smaller protein fragments
• Frameshift mutations: often alter the codon in which they were introduced along w/ downstream codons
• citric acid cycle forms malate, succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate
• End product of citric acid cycle (krebs cycle) : 2 ATP, 3 NADH, 2 FADH2
• glycolysis forms: phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and 2 ATP