AP Psychology Unit 7

• Instincts are behaviors that occur because they "just feel right"
• Example of instinct: bird building nest, moving arms when drowning for a baby to float.
• Incentives drive us towards or away from a behavior we want
• Positive incentive: smells cookies, wants to eat a cookie
• Negative incentive: smells trash, wants to take out the trash
• Intrinsic motivation is when you are doing something because you are internally motivated to do it because you like it/etc.
• Extrinsic motivation is doing something for an external facotr, not just for the sake of doing it for yourself/
• Example of extrinsic: Cleaning the house to get chore money
• Example of intrinsic: Cleaning the house so that you have a clean environment
• The overjustification effect is when one does something that initally was intrinsically motivated but became extrinsically rewarded, and now it is hard to do it intrinsically without the promise of an extrinsic reward.
• Example of the overjustification effect: walked the dog because you liked being out with the dog, but now that you get paid for it, you don't want to walk to dog without getting paid because you lost the intrinsic motivation in place of an extrinsic motivation.
• High self efficacy is believing you can achieve a task successfully, and works well weith intrinsic motivation. -Can take on obstacles along the way.
• Low self-efficacy s not believing you can achieve something. Goes well with low intrinsic motuvation, and causes you to shy away from potential obstacles.
• Instinct Theory: Evolutionary (ex: rooting, displays similarities to ancestral past)
• Drive-Reduction Theory: People do things to reduce a drive (can be positive or negative beneficial), ex: eating to reduce hunger, smoking to reduce stress, trying to create homeostasis.
• Push Factors: Trying to get you away from things that are bad for you., like a drive to use the bathroom to get you away from the uncomfortability of a full bladder.
• Pull Factors: Motivate us to work towards good things, like a drive to get a 100 on a test means you have a drive to study so you do well.
• Optimal Arousal Theory: Focuses on finding the right amount of arousal so that a task can be completed successfully.
• Be low-aroused during a test= GOOD so that you can focus on the test.
• Be high aroused during a sports meet so that you can be present and energetic enough to do well.
• Don't be aroused during a test or you'll lose focus, don't be too subdued during a sports meet or you'll fail to perform well.
• Yerkes-Dodson Law: moderate arousal can lead to optimal performance (DIFFERENT FROM OPTIMAL AROUSAL THEORY). Focuses on the relationship between arousal and performance is best wehn arousal is moderate because you can be alert without being overstressed or underwhelmed.
• Maslow's Hierachy of Needs: Abraham Maslow created the hierachy of needs that a person aims to achieve in life. Lowest and most 'easy' to obtain is physiological needs satisfaction; highest is self-actualisation, finding meaning beyond the self. Must master previous stages to advance.
• 1. Physiological Needs: eating, drinking, breathing, sleeping
  2. Safety Needs: feeling safe in your environment, that the world is safe and predictable
  3. Belongingness: feeling supported, loved, like you belong in your environment
  4. Esteem Needs: feeling like you are worthy, strong, and have high self-esteem, loving YOURSELF
  5. Self-Actualization: achieving any goal you set your mind to, finsing success and meaning in things beyond yourself and your achievementss personally
• Motivations: a need or desire to do something in order to achieve something as a result.
• Motivation 1: Eating- you eat to fulfill a motivation for multiple reasons.

  1. Biological: Need to eat to get glucose, amino acids, and lipids for body energy
  2. Psychological: Need to eat to find comfort, to provide a distraction
  3. Social: Need to eat to fit into social situations, spend time with friends, honor customs