Struggle for Independence

• What was the country name for Ghana before colonization?

  Gold Coast
• What is the meaning of UGCC?

  United Gold Coast Convention
• What was the purpose of UGCC?

  To demand greater participation in government in cooperation with the British and gain influence
• What nationalist movement was created by Kwame Nkrumah?

  Convention People’s Party (CPP)
• How did Kwame Nkrumah fight for freedom?

  • Led strikes and demonstrations
  • Transformed CPP into a major political party
• What is the purpose of Pan-Africa during Kwame Nkrumah’s regime?

  To Unite Africa
• Why did Pan Africa fail?

  Not enough money
• The British established what protectorate in 1895 to impose in Kenya, allowing white settlers a voice in the government?

  East African Protectorate
• The conflict between white Kenyan farmers and native Kikuyu people, because of land ownership, led to what movement by the natives?

  Mau Mau
• Who was the first prime minister of Kenya?

  Jomo Kenyatta
• How is Daniel Arap Moi’s rule portrayed?

  • Corrupt
  • Violation of Human Rights
  • Political regression
• What movement was used by France to justify their actions of invading Algeria?

  Fly Whisk Incident
• Why was France not able to turn its African colonies into France?

  African natives, like Algerians, were not granted equal rights
• In 1947, the French government granted French citizenship and voting

  rights to Muslims in Algeria; however, the people wanted independence

  which led to an armed conflict headed by what political organization?

  National Liberation Front
• Who was the French leader who aimed to appease French settlers and Algerian citizen?

  Charles de Gaulle
• Through what agreement did France and Algeria negotiate Algeria’s independence in 1962?

  Evian Accords
• Who was the first president of Algeria, and tried to make the country a socialist state but failed?

  Ahmed Ben Bella
• How was the Congo Free State established?

  • Through the Berlin Conference
  • By brutally seizing the territory as King Leopold II‘s possession
• What country took control over Congo by 1908?

  Belgium
• What is the name of Democratic Republic of Congo during Belgium colonization?

  Belgium Congo
• How did Congo gain independence from Belgium?

  Through increasing unrest, nationalist movements, and international pressure
• Who was the first prime minister of Congo?

  Patrice Lumumba
• Patrice Lumumba was overthrown and captured in a coup backed by Belgium and the United States, fearing his pro-Soviet stance. He was executed by firing squad.
• Mobutu Sese Seko seized power after Patrice Lumuba, how is his regime described?

  Corrupt, kleptocracy, draining of Congo’s resources.
• During Mobutu’s regime, what did he rename the country to?

  Zaire
• What was the name of the rebel leader who gained power after Mobutu, changed the country’s name back to Democratic Republic of Congo, became an autocratic leader, and eventually getting assassinated .

  Laurent Kabila
• By what two countries colonized South Africa?

  Netherlands and Great Britain
• Although South Africa became a self-governing Union with a white-led

  government (dominated by Afrikaners) in 1910, it remained part of the British

  Empire until it became a fully independent republic in 1961.
• What policy portrays the practice of segregation in South Africa, promoted by Dutch and the British?

  Apartheid Policy
• This policy divided people into 4 racial groups: White, Black, Colored (mixed

  ancestry), and Asian. It created greater separation between nonwhites and

  whites and imposed harsh controls over nonwhites. Apartheid laws banned

  interracial marriages, socialization, created segregated schools, neighborhood,

  and even hospitals, restricted African ownership of land and businesses,

  required them to carry passes or identity books or else they will be imprisoned

  when caught, banned to vote or work in certain occupations, and imposed

  limited residency in cities so they only lived in places called townships.
• The leader who wanted to end the apartheid by appealing tot the masses not to conduct business with foreigners, but many nations retaliated and imposed trade restrictions against South Africa

  Desmond Tutu
• The Dutch president of south africa that allowed all races to vote

  F.W De Klerk
• The first black president of South Africa

  Nelson Mandela
• formerly known as Persia, was never formally colonized, but it was

  heavily influenced by foreign powers, especially during The Great

  Game—the strategic rivalry between Britain and Russia over influence in

  Central Asia.

  Iran
• How did Britain dominate Iran’s oil industry for almost 40 years?

  Through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC)
• Who was the last shah of Iran, who recognized the importance of the oil industry for the economy?

  Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
• Prime Minister MUHAMMAD MOSSADEGH led efforts to nationalize

  the British-owned oil company, increasing his influence and causing

  Pahlavi's concerns for his safety
• How is Muhammad Mossadegh‘s regime?

  He also worked to reduce the power of

  the monarchy, placing army forces under the control of the government,

  reducing the size of the army, and forcing officers loyal to the shah to

  leave.
• Many military officers were upset with Mossadegh’s reforms , and they

  joined a coup to replace Mossadeq, which was supported by Britain and

  US. He was overthrown and the shah returned to power.
•  Shah Pahlavi modernized Iran through the White Revolution and had close ties to the west. How did the Iranians react to this?

  • They felt threatened
  • Led to the Iranian Revolution