commonly developed on moist surfaces and has a thin layer of organic materials
What are the organic materials that usually makeup biofilm
Polysaccharides or glycogen
What are the external structures of a bacteria cell
Appendages
Which appendages provide mobility
Flagella and axial filaments
What appendages provide attachment points or channels
Fimbriae, pili, and nanowire
What are the four types of flagella?
Monotrichous, peritirichious, amphitrichous and lophotrichous
What are fimbria made out of?
proteins and have a sticky tendency ( yk how sticky it gets)
describe nanowire
long thin bacteria channels
What do nanowires transfer and how?
Amino acids or harvest energy from electrons from an electron-rich surface
How do bacteria protect their exposed cell
S layer or Glcocalyx (repeat poly)
Tight version of glycocalyx
Capsules
The cell envelope is compose of what
3 layers, the cell wall, cell membrane and in some the outer membrane
Gram positive?
Thick membrane and cell wall
Gram-negative
Negatively thin cell wall
Functions of the cell wall
Determine shape, and support to stop collapsing from osmotic pressure
What makes up the cell wall
peptidoglycan---> repeating glycan
Mycoplasms
Lack a cell wall ( oh MY cell wall)
What is Archea composed of
Composed almost entirely of polysaccharides ( walls of pure protein)
how many types of Archea are there
4 types
Methanogens do what?
Covert CO2 and H2 into CH4( methane gas)
What is mycolic acid
wax coat, not permeable
What type of stain do you need for mycolic acid?
Acid-fast stain
Tubercul means what?
nodules
What is pleomorphism
shape of bacteria is not specific, different shapes in pure culture
What causes pleomorphism
Lack of a cell wall
Name a bacteria that does not have a cell wall
mycoplasma
where is cholesterol found
animals only
What % of phospholipids are embedded in the lipid bilayer
30% to 40%
What % of proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer
60% to 70%
Name three things that phospholipid molecules could do?
rotate 360, float and flip with the help of the enzyme flipase
Bulk transport included what types of transports
Endo and Exocytosis
Gram-negative contains what
Lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin, makes gram negative harmful
describe porin proteins regarding gram-negative
Block antibiotics and/or push them out as fast as they can
Name the steps of gram staining
Crystal Violet
Grams Iodine
Alcohol
Safranin( red dye)
Describe step one of gram staining ( crystal violet)
Stains all cells purple, negative, and positive
Describe the second step of gram staining (grams Iodine)
Mordant will create complex if complex is big it is thick and positive if it is thin then it is negative and can be taken away by alcohol hence making it colorless
describe the third step of gram staining ( alcohol )
Alcohol is applied, positive will remain unfazed, negative will lose its dye
Describe the fourth step of gram staining( safranin)
Red dye is applied, positive is purple and negative is red