Chaper 4

• Acid


  substance that produces H3O+ when dissolved in water
• Acid-Base Reaction


  reaction involving the transfer of a hydrogen ion between reactant species
• Actual Yield


  amount of product formed in a reaction
• Analyte


  chemical species of interest
• Balanced Equation


  chemical equation with equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactant and product
• Base


  substance that produces OH− when dissolved in water
• Buret


  device used for the precise delivery of variable liquid volumes, such as in a titration analysis
• Chemical Equation


  symbolic representation of a chemical reaction
• Coefficient


  number placed in front of symbols or formulas in a chemical equation to indicate their relative amount
• Combustion Analysis

  gravimetric technique used to determine the elemental composition of a compound via the collection and weighing of its gaseous combustion products
• Combustion Reaction


  vigorous redox reaction producing significant amounts of energy in the form of heat and, sometimes, light
• Complete Ionic Equation


  chemical equation in which all dissolved ionic reactants and products, including spectator ions, are explicitly represented by formulas for their dissociated ions
• End Point


  measured volume of titrant solution that yields the change in sample solution appearance or other property expected for stoichiometric equivalence (see equivalence point)
• Equivalence Point


  volume of titrant solution required to react completely with the analyte in a titration analysis; provides a stoichiometric amount of titrant for the sample’s analyte according to the titration reaction
• Excess Reactant


  reactant present in an amount greater than required by the reaction stoichiometry
• Gravimetric Analysis


  quantitative chemical analysis method involving the separation of an analyte from a sample by a physical or chemical process and subsequent mass measurements of the analyte, reaction product, and/or sample
• Half-Reaction


  an equation that shows whether each reactant loses or gains electrons in a reaction
• Indicator


  substance added to the sample in a titration analysis to permit visual detection of the end point
• Insoluble


  of relatively low solubility; dissolving only to a slight extent
• Limiting Reactant


  reactant present in an amount lower than required by the reaction stoichiometry, thus limiting the amount of product generated
• Molecular Equation


  chemical equation in which all reactants and products are represented as neutral substances
• Net Ionic Equation


  chemical equation in which only those dissolved ionic reactants and products that undergo a chemical or physical change are represented (excludes spectator ions)
• Neutralization Reaction


  reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water
• Oxidation


  process in which an element’s oxidation number is increased by loss of electrons
• Oxidation Number


  (also, oxidation state) the charge each atom of an element would have in a compound if the compound were ionic
• Oxidation-Reduction Reaction


  (also, redox reaction) reaction involving a change in oxidation number for one or more reactant elements
• Oxidizing Agent


  (also, oxidant) substance that brings about the oxidation of another substance, and in the process becomes reduced
• Percent Yield


  measure of the efficiency of a reaction, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield
• Precipitate


  insoluble product that forms from reaction of soluble reactants
• Precipitation Reaction


  reaction that produces one or more insoluble products; when reactants are ionic compounds, sometimes called double-displacement or metathesis
• Product


  substance formed by a chemical or physical change; shown on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation
• Quantitative Analysis


  the determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample
• Reactant


  substance undergoing a chemical or physical change; shown on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation
• Reducing Agent


  (also, reductant) substance that brings about the reduction of another substance, and in the process becomes oxidized
• Reduction


  process in which an element’s oxidation number is decreased by gain of electrons
• Salt


  ionic compound that can be formed by the reaction of an acid with a base that contains a cation and an anion other than hydroxide or oxide
• Single-Displacement Reaction


  (also, replacement) redox reaction involving the oxidation of an elemental substance by an ionic species
• Solubility


  the extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent
• Soluble


  of relatively high solubility; dissolving to a relatively large extent
• Spectator Ion


  ion that does not undergo a chemical or physical change during a reaction, but its presence is required to maintain charge neutrality