A&P1-Chapter 1

• Anatomy


  Science of body structures and their relationship
• Physiology


  Science of body function
• What are the 6 levels of structural organization?

  Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism
• Functions of the Integumentary System (5)


  -protect the body

  -helps regulate body temperature

  -eliminates some wastes

  -helps make vitamin D

  -detects sensation such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold
• Functions of the Skeletal system (5)


  -supports and protects body

  -provides surface are for muscle attachments

  -aids body movements

  -houses cells that produce blood cells

  -stores minerals and lipids (fats)
• Functions of the Muscular system (3)


  -participates in body movements

  -maintains posture

  -produces heat
• Functions of the Nervous system (2)


  -generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities

  -detects changes in body's internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
• Functions of the Endocrine system (1)


  -Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)
• Hormones


  chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ
• Functions of the Cardiovascular system (3)


  -heart pumps blood through blood vessels

  -blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids

  -blood components help defend against diseases and repair damaged blood vessels
• Functions of the Lymphatic system (3)


  -returns proteins and fluid to blood

  -carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood

  -contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes
• Functions of the respiratory system (3)


  -transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air

  -helps regulate acid-based balance of body fluids

  -air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produce sounds
• Functions of the Digestive system (3)


  -achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food

  -absorbs nutrients

  -eliminates solid wastes
• Functions of Urinary system (5)


  -produces, stores, and eliminates urine

  -eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood

  -helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids

  -maintains body's mineral balance

  -helps regulate production of red blood cells
• Functions of Reproductive system (4)


  -Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism

  -gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes

  -associated organs transport and store gametes

  -mammary glands produce milk
• What are the basic life processes? (6)


  -Metabolism

  -Responsiveness

  -Movement

  -Growth

  -Differentiation

  -Reproduction
• Metabolism


  all chemical processes in the body
• Catabolism


  breaking down complex chemicals
• Anabolism


  Building complex chemicals from smaller units
• Responsiveness


  detect and respond to internal or external changes
• Movement


  whole body or structures within the body.

  ex: digestion, walk, cells
• Growth


  increase in body size
• What causes increase of growth? (3)

  -due to increase in size of existing cells

  -due to increase in number of cells

  -due to increase in amount of material surrounding cells
• Differentiation


  unspecialized cells (stem cells) become specialized in structure and function
• Reproduction


  Production of new cells
• Why does reproduction occur? (2)


  -for growth and repair in body

  -for production of new individual
• Homeostasis


  Maintenance of relatively stable internal body conditions despite changes that occur inside or outside the body
• What kind of process is homeostasis?

  Dynamic process with constant monitoring and adjustments within normal limits
• Intracellular


  fluid within body cells
• Extracellular


  Fluid outside body cells
• Interstitial fluid


  Fluid between cells within a tissue
• Blood plasma


  fluid in blood vessels
• Lymph


  Fluid in lymphatic vessels
• Cerebrospinal fluid


  Fluid in spaces of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
• Synovial Fluid


  Fluid in spaces of joints
• Disruption sources


  -external environment stresses

  -internal environment stresses

  -psychological stresses
• Regulation


  -Nerve impulses (rapid)

  -endocrine hormones (slowly)
• Components of feedback system


  -Controlled condition (monitored body variable)

  -stimulus (any disruption that changes condition)

  -receptor (monitors changes and sends input)

  -control center (evaluates, input, and generates output)

  -effector (receives output and produces response to change controlled condition)
• Negative feedback systems


  -reverse to altered controlled condition

  -return to normal limits
• Positive feedback systems


  -strengthens or adds to (reinforces) the controlled condition change from stimulus

  -continues until it is interrupted by some mechanism and has to stop