APHuG- Agriculute and Rural Land Use

• These restrict their use for intensive agricultural production. lands have sufficient soil depth, moisture supply, fertility, and few limitations to
• Mediterranean climate:

  • Hot/dry-summer climate, mild winter, and a defined rainy season
  • Produces fruits, vegetables, and grains like grapes, olives, figs, dates, tomatoes, zucchini, wheat, and barley
  • Found along the shores of the Mediterranean, in parts of California and Oregon, in central Chile, South Africa's Cape, and in parts of Australia
• Tropical climate:

  • Hot, humid climate
  • Produces plants such as cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, maize
• Extensive agriculture:

  • Uses small amounts of labor on a large area of land
• Intensive agriculture:

  • Uses a lot of labor on a small area of land
• Market Gardening (Intensive):

  • Fruits and vegetables sold fresh to consumers or to large processors for canning or freezing
• Plantation Agriculture (Intensive):

  • Specializes in one crop for sale on the global market
  • Found in Southeastern US, California, Southeastern Australia
• Mixed Crop/Livestock (Intensive):

  • Commercial farming integrating crops and livestock
  • Crops mainly fed to animals
• Shifting Cultivation (Extensive):

  • Farmers move from one field to another
  • Also known as slash-and-burn agriculture
  • Farmers clear and fertilize land by burning vegetation, then move to a different plot when soil loses fertility
• Climate: Warm Mid-Latitude

  • Types of Crops: Fresh fruits and vegetables, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, tomatoes
• Climate: Tropical

  • Types of Crops: Commodity & specialty crops like cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts & cotton
• Cocoa & Coffee:

  • Plantation Agriculture
• Climate: Cold & Warm Mid-Latitude

  • Types of Crops: Corn, grains, & soybeans grown to feed cattle & pigs
• Regions mentioned:

  • Southeastern US, California, Southeastern Australia
  • Africa, Asia, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, America
• Main crops mentioned:

  • Rice, maize (corn), millet, and sorghum
• Nomadic Herding (Extensive):

  • Nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides
  • Rely upon animals for survival, not profit
• Ranching:

  • Commercial grazing of livestock
  • Livestock are eventually sent to feedlots and then to slaughter
• Commercial Grain Farming (Extensive):

  • Crops are grown primarily for human consumption
  • Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products like breakfast cereals and bread
• Climate in Drylands/Desert regions:

  • Types of Livestock: Cattle, Camels, Reindeer, Goats, Yaks, Sheep, Horses
• Climate in Australia (Drylands/Desert):

  • Types of Livestock: Cattle, Goats, Sheep
• Climate in Mid-latitudes (too dry for mixed crop & livestock):

  • Types of Crops: Wheat
• Settlement Patterns:

  • Clustered: houses and farm buildings of each family are close to each others' fields and surround the settlement
  • Dispersed: people live relatively far from each other on their farms
  • Linear settlement: a long, narrow settlement around a river, coast, or road that looks like a line
• Survey Methods:

  • Surveying: examining and measuring the surface of the Earth for planning, preparing to build, or mapping
  • Metes and bounds: a system of describing parcels of land where metes are the lines and bounds describe features like a river or public road
  • Long Lot: a rural land use pattern that divides land into long, narrow lots lined up along a waterway or road
  • Township and range: a system of dividing large parcels of land where townships describe how far north or south from the center point
• Using Landmarks and Compass for surveying
• Fertile Crescent:

  • A crescent-shaped area in Southwest Asia where settled farming first began to emerge leading to the rise of cities
• Columbian Exchange:

  • A widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres that was launched by Columbus's voyages
• First Agricultural Revolution:

  • A time when people first domesticate plants and animals which allows people to live in one place
  • Domestication: the process of taming plants or animals for human use
  • Agricultural Hearths: The separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals. Commonalities Among Agricultural Hearths: Fertile soil in river valleys, availability of water, moderate climates, and collective societal structures
• • Enclosure Movement: Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers
  • Emergence of commercial agriculture
  • Fewer and larger farms -> Decrease in farm owners -> Improvements in farming techniques -> Decrease in agricultural laborers
  • Urbanization: Mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories
• Second Agricultural Revolution:

  • Coincides with the Industrial Revolution; increasing yield and access through machines and transportation
  • Caused by the industrial revolution and the enclosure movement
  • Effects of the Second Agricultural Revolution: New technology, Led to increased food production, Better diet, longer life, and more people available for work in factories, Shifting demographics (moving to cities, fewer farmers)
• Green Revolution:

  • The spread of new technologies like high-yield seeds and chemical fertilizers to the developing world in the 1960s and 1970s
  • Positive: Able to grow more crops on the same amount of land which decreases food prices, More crops grown on the same size land, Improvement in variety
  • Negative: Destroying local land and traditional modes of agricultural production, Decreasing biodiversity (hybrid seeds diminish local plant diversity)
  • Impact of chemical Biotechnology: is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms
• Fertile Crescent:

  • A crescent-shaped area in Southwest Asia where settled farming first began to emerge leading to the rise of cities
• Columbian Exchange:

  • A widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres that was launched by Columbus's voyages
• First Agricultural Revolution:

  • A time when people first domesticate plants and animals which allows people to live in one place
  • Domestication: the process of taming plants or animals for human use
  • Agricultural Hearths: The separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals. Commonalities Among Agricultural Hearths: Fertile soil in river valleys, availability of water, moderate climates, and collective societal structures
• • Enclosure Movement: Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers
  • Emergence of commercial agriculture
  • Fewer and larger farms -> Decrease in farm owners -> Improvements in farming techniques -> Decrease in agricultural laborers
  • Urbanization: Mass migration of people into the cities to work in newly emerging factories
• Second Agricultural Revolution:

  • Coincides with the Industrial Revolution; increasing yield and access through machines and transportation
  • Caused by the industrial revolution and the enclosure movement
  • Effects of the Second Agricultural Revolution: New technology, Led to increased food production, Better diet, longer life, and more people available for work in factories, Shifting demographics (moving to cities, fewer farmers)
• Green Revolution:

  • The spread of new technologies like high-yield seeds and chemical fertilizers to the developing world in the 1960s and 1970s
  • Positive: Able to grow more crops on the same amount of land which decreases food prices, More crops grown on the same size land, Improvement in variety
  • Negative: Destroying local land and traditional modes of agricultural production, Decreasing biodiversity (hybrid seeds diminish local plant diversity)
  • Impact of chemical Biotechnology: is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms
• Subsistence Agriculture: only enough food is cultivated to survive (no surplus)
• Commercial Agriculture: the production of crops for sale and profit
• Monoculture: Growing one crop in a farm system at a given time
• Mono-Cropping: Growing one crop in a farm system year after year