Exam 1

• Authority


  You believe something is true because you learned it from a trusted expert.
• Tenacity


  Believing something is true because it has always been held as true.
• Intuition


  Believing something is true because it seems reasonable
• Empiricism


  Uses direct observations to identify real-world patterns that can support or refute prior premises
• Rationalism


  Logical reasoning based on premises to generate conclusions.

  Major Premise + Minor Premise = Logical Conclusion
• Deduction


  Reasoning from general principles to hypotheses about specific instance.
• Induction


  Reasoning from the specific instances to form general principles.
• Theoretical Constructs


  Generally defined psychological phenomena (i.e., happiness)
• Intervening Variables


  Theoretical constructs that account for the connection between an independent and dependent variable
• Primary Source


  A firsthand report of observations or research results written by the individual(s) who actually conducted the research and made the observations.
• Secondary Source


  A description or summary of another person's work. A secondary source is written by someone who did not participate in the research or observations being discussed.
• Elements of a Research Article

  A) Introduction

  B) Method

  C) Results

  D) Discussion

  E) References

  
• Method Section


  This section presents details concerning the participants and the procedures used in the study.
• Results Section


  This section presents the details of the statistical analysis and usually is not important for generating a new research idea.
• Discussion Section


  This section typically begins by summarizing the results of the study, stating the conclusions, and noting any potential applications
• Reference Section


  This section lists complete references for all items cited in the report.
• Introduction Section


  This section discusses previous research that forms the foundation for the current research study and presents a clear statement of the problem being investigated.
• Applied Research


  Research intended to answer practical questions or solve practical problems.
• Basic Research


  Research intended to answer theoretical questions or gather knowledge simply for the sake of new knowledge.
• Hypothetical Constructs


  Hypothetical attributes or mechanisms that help explain and predict behavior in a theory
• Validity


  The degree to which a measurement process measures the variable that it claims to measure
• Face Validity


  The degree to which a measure's items appear to reflect the construct under assessment
• Content Validity


  The degree to which a measure's items satisfy a set of established criteria associated with the construct under assessment
• Concurrent Validity


  The degree to which scores on a new measure of a construct are related to scores on an already established and validated measure of the same construct
• Predictive Validity


  The degree to which a measure can predict behavior that theoretically it should be able to predict
• Convergent Validity


  The degree to which measures of theoretically related constructs correlate positively with one another. This validity also applies when measures of constructs that should be inversely related, correlate negatively with one another.
• Divergent / Discriminant Validity


  The degree to which measurements or indices of theoretically unrelated constructs do not correlate with one another.
• Test-Retest Reliability


  To show the consistency of a measure, the same test is administered to the same people at two times of testing.
• Parallel Forms Reliability


  A version of test-retest reliability, in which comparable versions of the same measure are used in retesting.
• Inter-Rater Reliability


  The degree to which outside raters or observers give the same or consistent scores on a measure.
• Internal Consistency Reliability


  The degree to which the items that make up a measure inter-correlate with one another.
• Split-Half Reliability


  Items are randomly divided into two halves, and the halves are correlated with each other.
• Cronbach's Alpha


  A common measure of essentially split-half reliability, which reflects the average of all possible split-half estimates.
• Internal Validity


  The degree to which researchers can make causal or explanatory conclusions on the basis of a study.
• External Validity


  The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other people and conditions.
• Experimental Condition


  Condition in which participants are exposed to a treatment to see whether the treatment produces a change in behavior
• Control Condition


  Condition in which participants are not exposed to the treatment to show that the absence of treatment produces no changes in behavior.
• Faithful/Good Participants


  Act according to how they believe the researcher wants them to behave
• Negativistic Participants


  Are skeptical of the research; act in ways contrary to what they believe the researcher wants
• Apprehensive Participants


  Act according to what they believe is socially acceptable.