History

• Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist who had visualized the utopian vision of the world in a series of 4 prints.
• Nationalism was on the rise during the 19th century
• Duke Metternich stated that when France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold.
• The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution of 1789.
• The Napoleonic Code was also known as the Civil Code of 1804.
• The Napoleonic Code simplified the administrative divisions, improved the transport and communication systems and also standardized the weights and measures of the country.

  It also introduced a common currency.
• Under the Napoleonic Code, the Right to Property was also secured.
• Zollverein was a German trade union formed under Prussian Rule.
• Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in 1815 by the combined forces of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria.
• The Treaty of Vienna was signed in 1815.
• Giuseppe Mazzini was a member of the secret society of the Carbonary. He had also founded two more secret socities such as "Young Italy" in Marseilles and "Young Europe" in Berne.
• The Greek war of independence had started in 1821 and by 1832 the Treaty of Constantinople recognized Greece as an Independent nation.
• The Greek people had garnered much support from other Exiled greeks and many have also considered Greece to be the cradle of ancient civilization
• In 1848, the educated middle-class folk led a revolution in Germany which led to them coming together in the city of Frankfurt and establishing the German National Assembly.
• Three wars against Denmark, Austria and France which ended in Prussian victory completed the unification process of Germany in 1871.
• Prussia had taken over the German Unification process after crushing their original efforts to become a nation.
• During the 19th century Italy was divided into 7 states, only 1 of them was ruled by an Italian princely house, Sardinia - Piedmont.
• The unification process of Italy was led by Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi led a large number of armed volunteers into Italy to assist with the unification process.
• The ethnic people of the British Isles were English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish.
• The Act of Union of 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of "United Kingdom of Great Britain", It totally disregarded Scotland's culture, language and institutions.
• Ireland was also forcibly included into the United Kingdom by 1801
• The Balkans was a explosive region of Europe in 1871 as many of the World powers like Russia and Germany wanted control over the Balkan lands. It had led to many wars in the region including the WW1
• an Allegory is the expression of any idea or thought through a person or a thing
• Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa on June 22nd, 1807.
• The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe had sparked off a struggle for independence among the people of Greece in 1821.
• Greece was also lauded as the cradle of European civilization.
• After the Treaty of Vienna, the German federation was left untouched.
• The French revolutionaries had introduced ideas such as "La patrie" and "La citoyen", changed the French flag to the tricolor, Estates general was renamed the National Assembly and new hymns were also composed while a system of standardized weights and measures was also introduced.
• Otto Von Bismarck was considered the Architect of German Unification as he carried it out alongside the army and bureaucracy.
• Gandhiji had returned to India in January of 1919 from South Africa after fighting against the racist regime via the novel method of Satyagraha
• Upon Gandhiji's return, Satyagraha's were organized in places such as Champaran in Bihar, Kheda in Gujarat, Ahmedabad and Chauri-Chaura.
• The Rowlatt Act gave the British government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed the imprisonment of political prisoners without trial for up to 2 years
• A group of people were fired upon at Jallianwala Bagh on 13 April, 1919 in Amritsar by the orders of General Dyer.
• Due to the violence, Mahatma Gandhi called off the nationwide Satyagraha movement.
• On March 12th, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi started his famous 'Salt March'.
• The non cooperation khilafat movement began in January of 1921
• In the towns, foreign cloth was boycotted, indian made khadi clothes were bought
• In Awadh, the peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra who was a Sanyasi
• In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru set up the "Awadh Kisan Sabha"