HAP LEC 2

• Anatomical Position:

  • Medial/middle/midline: towards the center
  • Lateral: away from the midline, like the lats muscles on the back
• Superior (Cranial): towards the head

  • Inferior (Caudal): below, away from the head
• Anterior (Ventral): front of the body

  • Posterior (Dorsal): back of the body
• Proximal: towards the trunk or near the origin

  • Distal: away from the trunk or origin
• Superficial: close to the body's surface

  • Deep: away from the body's surface
• Unilateral: involving one side of the body

  • Bilateral: involving both sides of the body
• Ipsilateral: on the same side of the body

  • Contralateral: on opposite sides of the body
• Body Planes and Sections:

  • Sagittal plane (Vertical)
  • Coronal Plane (Vertical)
  • Transverse Plane (Horizontal)
• Longitudinal Planes:

  • Examples include Sagittal and Coronal Planes
• Oblique Planes:

  • Any plane that is not horizontal or vertical
• Clinical Anatomy:

  • Anatomy applied to the practice of medicine and other health sciences
• Gross Anatomy:

  • Study of large easily observable structures
• Microscopic Anatomy:

  • Use of a microscope to study very small structures, like Histology, Autopsy, and Biopsy
• Pathology:

  • Study of diseases
• Pathophysiology:

  • Origin of a disease or how it develops
• Regional Anatomy:

  • Study of the body by regions like head, thorax, upper and lower extremities
• Surface Anatomy:

  • Observation of the body's surface through palpation
• Regional Anatomy:

  • Study of the body by regions such as head, thorax, upper and lower extremities
• Surface Anatomy:

  • Palpation deals with the observation of the surface of the body and the structures beneath that are palpable
  • Structures can be shaped into visual images
• Intercostal Space:

  • 4th intercostal space is located beneath your nipple
  • Space between rib bones is called intercostal space
• Intercostal Muscles:

  • Expand during inhalation
• Systemic Anatomy:

  • Study of the body by systems such as Skeletal, Integumentary, and Endocrine system
• Radiographic Anatomy:

  • Study of the body by radiographs or x-rays
• Internal Hemorrhage:

  • Internal bleeding that occurs when the head is impacted
• Cerebral Hemorrhage:

  • Bleeding in the brain
• Cadaver Dissection:

  • Separating the parts of the cadaver for study
• Microscopic Studies:

  • Studies body parts through histology (studies of tissues)
• Anatomical Position:

  • Head, eyes, and toes are directed interiorly
  • Upper extremities should be on the side
  • Palmar aspect of the hand should be directed anteriorly
  • Lower extremities should be together
• Anatomical Plane:

  • Paramedian Plane has unequal parts
• Anatomical Terms:

  • Anterior (Ventral) is the front of the body
  • Posterior (Dorsal) is the back of the body or nearer to the back
• Arms and Forearms:

  • Ventral aspect of the forearm is where skin tests are done
  • Dorsal aspect is where you see your elbow
• Rostral:

  • Used to replace anterior when referring to parts of the brain
• Medial:

  • Close to the middle of the body, medial plane
• Dorsum:

  • Club foot syndrome is when you see the plantar aspect of your foot
  • Common in Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) and Edward syndrome (trisomy 18)
• Amniotic Fluid:

  • Fluid where the baby swims, low levels can lead to clubfoot
• Oligohydramnios:

  • Low amniotic fluid levels
• Palmar:

  • Anterior surface of the hand
• Plantar:

  • Posterior surface (sole) of the foot
• Superficial:

  • Near the surface
• Intermediate:

  • Between superficial and deep