Module 1

• Science that researches the fundamental concepts of matter, energy and space, and the relationships among them.

  Physics
• Man who tried to stablish general principles that ruled the behavior of natural bodies, both living and inanimate, also celestial and terrestrial bodies applying concepts like motion, change of place, change of size or number, etc.

  Aristotle
• Man considered one of the greatest mathematicians of the ancient times. He was one of the first to apply math to physical phenomena, being the father of hydrostatics and discovering the buoyancy principle which bears his name.

  Archimedes
• Man who stablished motion laws that now they have his last name and also the universal gravitation principles. He also contributed to optics and the development of calculus.

  Isaac Newton
• Man who formulated the electromagnetic theory that unifies the concepts of electricity and magnetism known to that time. The equations that bear his last name are the foundation of the radio waves and other technological achievements.

  James Clerk Maxwell
• Man who developed the theory of relativity, discovered the photoelectric effect and did contributions to the quantum theory.

  Albert Einstein
• One of physics' areas that was  considered as a part of philosophy; becoming a modern science during the scientific revolution in the 17th century.

  Astrology
• Classic or modern physics?: Developed between XVII and XIX centuries, deals with small velocities when compared with light speed.

  Classic physics
• Classic or modern physics?: Developed almost during the XX century. It considers of the quantum and relativity theories. It deals with velocities near light speed.

  Modern physics
• Quantifiable or assignable property that is linked to a phenomenon, body or substance measured when comparing it with a previously known standard.

  Physical quantity
• Permanent physical record, or easy to determine, of the quantity that implies a particular measurement unit.

  Standart
• Physical quantity is defined with a number and a unit of measure.

  Magnitude
• Particular physical quantity which is used to compare other quantities of the same kind to show their value.

  Unit
• Process that consists in comparing an unknown magnitude with another already known in the same unit of measure. 

  Measuring
• Direct measurement: Means that the unknown magnitude is measured with an instrument of the same magnitude.
• Indirect measurement: Means that the unknown magnitude is measured through mathematical calculations, performed with quantities obtained from direct measurements.
• Types of errors in a direct measurement:

  1. Systematic Error: Caused due to imperfect calibration of the measurement instrument. It is very frequent.
  2. Random error: Occurs when the magnitude varies randomly. It is difficult to anticipate and not very common.
  3. Absolute error: Is the difference between the real value of a magnitude and the measured value.
  4. Relative error: Is the fraction resulting from the ratio of the absolute error and the measured magnitude; it is usually expressed as a percentage.
• The International System of Units is the most used unit system around the world. 
• Length of path traveled by a light wave in a vacuum in a time interval of 1/299, 792,458 second

  Meter
• Unit of mass

  Kilogram
• Time needed for 9 192 631 770 vibrations of a cesium atom

  Second
• It is possible to measure many more units, like volume, pressure, speed and force. All these are combinations of fundamental units. These combinations are known as derived units.
• Provides a short method to show really big or really small numbers.

  Scientific notation
• Quantities can be described only by its number and a unit.

  Scalar
• A scalar quantity is specified completely by its magnitude that is a number and a unit.
• Some physical quantities, such as force and velocity, have direction and also magnitude. That’s why they are known as vector quantities.
• A vector quantity is completely specified by magnitude and direction. It consists in a number, a unit and a direction. 
• Vector quantities can be added or you can do other operations with them like subtractions or multiplications. However, due to they have direction, they cannot be added algebraically, so they need other methods that you are going to study on this and in the next one topic.
• A vector is the graphical representation of a vector quantity. It is represented by an arrow where its length points out the magnitude and the tip shows the direction.
• The result of a vector sum is known as resultant vector.
• The parallelogram method only works for two vectors. First, you have to draw, with the proper scale, both vectors coming from the same origin point. Then, with the use of triangles, draw parallel auxiliary lines that are going to touch the tip of each vector. Doing this, an intersection of the auxiliary lines is formed. The result of the vector sum is the resultant vector that is formed when the origin point and the intersection are joined together. The tip of the resultant vector is at the intersection. The direction is measured from the origin point.
• The tail-to-tip method works for two or more vectors. It consists in drawing, with a proper scale, one of the vectors. Then where the first one ends, at the tip of the arrow, we start drawing the second vector and we continue in the same way until all the vectors we want to add are used. The result will be the vector that is formed when you join together the origin of the first vector with the tip of the arrow of the last vector you drew.
• Dot product; vector-scalar product; cross product

  A) vector-scalar product

  B) dot product

  C) cross product

  
• Is the length of the real path followed by an object. It only has magnitude so it’s a scalar quantity. We normally use d or s (commonly for curve trajectory) to represent it on formulas. Also we can use the variable x if we talk about a horizontal trajectory.

  Distance
• Is the separation in a straight line between two points, the final and initial position, and it goes into a precise direction. It is a vector quantity, so it has magnitude and direction. To represent it in formulas we use D, remember that is bold because it is a vector. Sometimes, it is also called change of position.

  Displacement
• Is the travelled distance per unit of time. It is a scalar quantity.

  Speed
• Is the displacement per unit of time. It is a vector quantity.

  Velocity
• Instantaneous speed is a scalar quantity that represents the speed in that instant in which the object is at a given point C. Thus, it is the rate of change of distance over time.

  Instantaneous velocity is a vector quantity that represents the vi velocity at any point C. This, is the rate of change of the displacement over time.
• The velocity of an object is going up or down when it move; the rate of change of velocity per unit of time. It is a vector quantity

  Acceleration
• It refers to how the displacement is changing regarding to time

  Rate of change in velocity