LTC 2

• What are the two main theories about the relationship between language and thought?

  Piaget's theory and Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
• What does Piaget's theory state about language and thought?

  Language determines thought
• What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggest about thinking?

  Thinking is dependent on language
• According to Piaget, what must a child do before using language?

  Use ideas and concepts
• What does Piaget say about understanding specific words?

  A child must understand words before using them
• What is egocentric speech in children?

  Repeating words without understanding concepts
• What is a strength of Piaget's theory?

  Link between impaired cognitive and language development
• What is a limitation of Piaget's theory?

  Some children have normal language with learning difficulties
• How can language development affect cognitive development?

  Language development can accelerate cognitive development
• What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis say about language's influence?

  Language influences perception and thought
• What are the two types of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

  The strong one and the weak one
• What does the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis state?

  Language determines thought
• What does the weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggest?

  Language influences thought
• How do differences between languages affect thoughts?

  They determine the types of thoughts possible
• What can happen to thoughts that cannot be expressed in a different language?

  They cannot be understood by others
• How does language affect memory according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

  Language influences how events are remembered
• What did Carmichael's 1932 study demonstrate?

  Labels influenced participants' memory of pictures
• What is a key point about language's influence on cognitive functions?

  Language can influence memory and perception
• How does the Zuni tribe refer to the yellow-orange region?

  They use one term for it
• How did Zuni participants perform in color recognition tasks?

  Better with simple color names
• What is the Himba tribe's term for green and blue?

  They use the same word, bura
• How did the Himba tribe distinguish shades of green?

  They use different words for shades
• What was the result when Himba participants identified colored squares?

  They struggled with blue among green
• What do the studies of the Zuni and Himba tribes support?

  The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis about language and thought
• How do non-human animals use communication?

  As a survival tool
• What are some aspects of survival that non-human communication addresses?

  Mate selection, territory, finding food
• How do male animals communicate for reproduction?

  Through displays of superiority
• What is the purpose of food calls in animals?

  To inform the group about food
• How do wolves communicate their location?

  By howling to the pack
• What was the aim of Von Frisch's bee study?

  To describe dances performed by bees
• What method did Von Frisch use in his study?

  Field experiment over twenty years
• What did the waggle dance communicate?

  Direction and distance of food
• What are the conclusions of Von Frisch's study?

  Honeybees can communicate food locations
• What is a strength of Von Frisch's study?

  High reliability due to consistent results
• What is a limitation of Von Frisch's study?

  Low ecological validity due to artificial conditions
• What does human communication consist of?

  Signals and symbols
• How do humans differ from non-human animals in communication?

  Humans use a larger bank of symbols
• What is verbal communication?

  Uses words, spoken or written
• What is non-verbal communication?

  Does not rely on spoken or written words
• What are some forms of non-verbal communication?

  Body posture, gestures, tone of voice