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P1: conservation and dissipation of energy
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Cards (18)
Energy stores that could come up in the GCSE syllabus
Gravitational
Elastic
Electrostatic
Chemical
Thermal
Sound
Nuclear
Light
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Energy can interchange between these different forms, but energy is always
conserved
- it cannot be created or
destroyed
, only changed in form
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Energy changes in a swing set
1. Gain
gravitational
potential energy
2. Convert to
kinetic
energy
3. Lose energy to
friction
(thermal)
4. Possibly some
sound
energy
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Energy changes in an iPod
1.
Chemical
energy in
battery
2. Convert to
sound
3. Convert to
light
4. Produce
thermal
energy
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Energy
changes in an electric kettle
1.
Electrical
energy from
mains
2. Convert to
thermal
energy
3. Possibly some
sound
energy
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Sankey
diagram
Quantitative representation of
energy changes
, with size of arrows representing amount of
energy
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Efficiency
Useful energy output divided by total
energy input
, can be expressed as a
percentage
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Work done
Energy transferred when a force causes an object to move, calculated as
force
x
distance
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Calculation triangle for work done
Work done =
Force
x
Distance
Distance = Work done /
Force
Force
= Work done /
Distance
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Gravitational potential energy (GPE)
Energy stored due to an object's position in a gravitational field, calculated as mass x
gravity
x
height
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Calculation triangle for GPE
GPE
= Mass x
Gravity
x Height
Mass =
GPE
/ (
Gravity
x Height)
Gravity
=
GPE
/ (Mass x Height)
Height =
GPE
/ (Mass x
Gravity
)
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Kinetic energy (KE)
Energy of
motion
, calculated as
1/2
x mass x velocity^2
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Calculation triangle for
KE
KE = 1/2 x
Mass
x
Velocity^2
Mass
= 2 x KE /
Velocity^2
Velocity = sqrt(2 x
KE
/
Mass
)
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Elastic
potential energy
Energy stored in a stretched or compressed object, calculated as
1/2
x
spring constant
x extension^2
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Calculation triangle for elastic potential energy
Elastic
potential energy = 1/2 x Spring constant x Extension^2
Spring constant =
Elastic
potential energy / (1/2 x Extension^2)
Extension = sqrt(2 x
Elastic
potential energy / Spring constant)
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Power
Rate of
energy
transfer, measured in watts (
joules per second
)
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Calculation triangle for power
Power =
Energy transfer
/ Time
Time =
Energy transfer
/
Power
Energy transfer =
Power
x
Time
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Efficiency
= Useful power output /
Total
power input
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