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• Impact of the Age of Exploration and the arrival of the Portuguese:

  • Portuguese in Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean from 1498 CE to 1650 CE
  • Portuguese naval commander Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Sohar in Oman in 1507
  • Portuguese explored and expanded control into the Arabian Gulf
  • Portuguese seized Khor Fakkan after tough resistance from its inhabitants
• Resistance by local Arab peoples to the occupation and violence of the Portuguese period:

  • Major revolt in Julfar, Ra’s al-Khaimah in 1619
  • Hormuz attacked by a Persian and British force in 1622
  • People of Khor Fakkan liberated in 1643
  • Victories encouraged further resistance against the Portuguese
• Chronology and historical period of empire rivalry in the Indian Ocean and Arabian Gulf regions:

  • Dutch in the Gulf from 1620 CE to 1761 CE
  • Growth of Ras Al-Khaimah under Sheikh Rahma Bin Matar Al-Qasimi from 1718 CE to 1760 CE
  • British Arrival in 1750 CE to 1820 CE
• UAE’s largest tribal groupings and their influence on the present-day government:

  • Qawasim and Bani Yas represent twin aspects of modern life in the UAE
  • Bani Yas familiar with the interior of the country and involved in offshore pearl fisheries
  • Qawasim were merchants and sailors who sailed the Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean
• Founding of Abu Dhabi:

  • Al Nahyan and the Bani Yas moved to Abu Dhabi in 1761
  • Abu Dhabi established as the center of Al Nahyan power
  • Qasr al-Hosn became the center for community consultation and political discussion
• Ottoman Empire and European expansion:

  • Ottoman Empire dominated the Mediterranean and Western Asia
  • European countries began expanding through maritime empires and colonies after the discovery of the Americas
  • Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon to India in 1497
• Tribal origins of the modern UAE:

  • Al Nahyan family emerged as the chiefs of the Bani Yas in the middle or late seventeenth century
  • Bani Yas moved to occupy the island of Abu Dhabi in 1761
  • Qawasim rulers of Sharjah and Ra’s al-Khaimah emerged in the middle of the seventeenth century
• Portuguese control in the UAE:

  • Portuguese attempted to control parts of the UAE by establishing forts at Kalba, Dibba, Bidya, Khor Fakkan, Julfar, and Khasab
  • Portuguese forts provide important information about life at that time
  • Portuguese defeat led to tribes of the Arabian Gulf sailing under their own flags
• Dutch presence in the UAE:

  • Dutch ship Meerkat sailed along the coast in 1666
  • Dutch knew many towns in the UAE as they continued to trade in the Gulf during the seventeenth century
  • People of Dibba revolted against foreign control
• Sheikh Rahma bin Matar Al-Qasimi:

  • Founded the Al Qasimi dynasty
  • Most powerful among the Huwala rulers in 1756
  • Controlled Zur in Ra’s al-Khaimah with a good harbor and a considerable trade
• Qawasim rulers:

  • Emerged in the middle of the seventeenth century
  • Expanded influence to include parts of the eastern coast of the UAE
  • Controlled important islands in the Arabian Gulf and traded from Basra to India and East Africa