envio animal phys

• What is adaptation? A trait that enhances the fitness of an organism
• Phenotypic Plasticity: organisms exhibit different traits in response to environmental conditions
• Exaptation: A new function derived from an old function.
• Aptation: Beneficial values of traits that we don't know its originally selection
• Abaptation: fitted to environment by lineage but no benefit in current environment
• Acclimatize: To become use to a new environment (natural habitats)
• Acclimate: controlled lab, one variable manipulated.
• Is adaptation reversible?

  No
• Criteria for an "adaptive trait"

  1. Correlation between an environment and trait.
  2. How this Trait is different in individuals in same species and same species in different environments
  3. Observing effects of altering a trait (take out a gene to see if it contributes to the fitness).
• Do traits reasonably evolve?

  No, natural selection is a compromise not a solution.
• 3 Time Scales: Acute, Developmental, and Chronic
• Acute Time Scales: immediate responses to environmental changes (avoiding danger), (short term and reversible)
• Developmental: Changes that occur during an organisms development, influencing traits and abilities later in life. (altering gene expression)
• Chronic: Longer-term changes in phenotype and behaviour (phenotypic plasticity)
• Bottle neck effect: population is very small and does not reflect its past gene pools
• Type 1 error: claiming a relationship doesn't exist
• Type II error: ignoring a relationship.
• Functional Levels: Avoid, Conformity, Regulation
• Avoidance: can occur spatially (moving from unfavourable areas) or temporally (changing activity patterns to avoid adverse times).
• Temporal factors: time based adaptations or behaviours
• Spatial Factors: physical space or location within habitat
• Conformity: adjust their physiological, biochemical, or morphological traits to match their environment, allowing them to function effectively within it
• Regulation: activity regulating internal processes to maintain stability despite external environmental changes.
• Hypo-regulation: internal osmotic concentration to be lower than that of their external environment
• Hyper-regulation: their internal osmotic concentration higher than that of their external environment
• Small organisms tend to avoid and conform
• Small and medium organsims with rigid outer layers (scales, shells., etc) tend to partially regulate
• Large animals regulate
• k selection: large, slow reproducing, long-lived and invest heavily in limited young, reproduce iteroparity (high stability, low abiotic stress, high energy availability) specialists
• r selection: small, fast reproducing, short-lived and invest lowly in a lot of young, reproduce semiparity (low stability, high abiotic stress, low energy availability) generalists
• a selection: long-lived and have low biotic interaction, (high stability, high abiotic stress, low energy availability) specialists
• Low E and R: simple communities and food chains, low adaptive changes
• High E and R: diverse communities and high adaptive radiation
• Biotic stresses: Living organisms (predation, competition etc.,)
• Abiotic stresses: environmental factors (temperature, hunger., etc)
• will there be benefits if there is no negative selection?

  no
• relationship between body size and temerpature holds for which animals?

  cold-blooded
• Size: affects relationship between function and structure of the animal
• Symmorphosis: biological structures are developed to meet but not surpass the maximum requirements necessary
• Microenvironment: environmental conditions perceived by larger animals (humans) may not apply to smaller animals