11 Biology

• Most organisms in Protista are unicellular and eukaryotes
• Protista has 115,000 species
• Animal like protists are called protozoans
• How do protists get nutrients?

  Protists are hetrotrophs, consuming prokaryotes, protists, etc.
• Sponges is the common name for Porifera.
• Sponges have saclike bodies, live attached to objects, and have many pores that water flow through.
• Cnidarians are usually jellyfish, coral, or hydra.
• Cnidarians have tentacles, stinging cells, and live in water.
• Flatworms is the common name for platyhelminthes.
• Flatworms are often flukes, planaria, and tapeworms.
• Flatworms have long, flat, ribbonlike bodies and get food by living in other organisms and absorbing their food.
• Nematodes are commonly called roundworms.
• An example of round worms is hook worms.
• Round worms have long thin tubelike bodies and get food by living in another.
• Segmented worms or annelids are leeches and earthworms.
• Segmented worms have long tubelike body divided into segments.
• Segmented worms have the simplest organisms with a well developed nervous system
• Mollusks are snails, clams, or squids.
• Mollusks have soft bodies, shells, and live in the ocean mostly but sometimes land or fresh water.
• Echinoderms are sea stars, sand dollars, and sea cucumbers.
• Echinoderms have five arms extending from the middle, internal skeleton made of spines, and live in the ocean.
• Arthropods are spiders, lobsters, centipedes, and grasshoppers.
• Arthropods have jointed legs, hard outer covering, segmented bodies, and live in land and water.
• Vertebrates have backbones.
• Fish amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all in the Phylum Chordata.
• Chordates all have notochords, dorsal nerve, bilateral symmetry, tube digestive system, closed circulatory system and heart, and gills/tail.
• Notochords are rod shaped flexible structure the length of your body. It is replaced in development by the spine.
• Dorsal nerves have tube shaped cords extending along the back of the body, surrounded by backbones.
• Jawless fish are the oldest vertebrates.
• Jawless fish lack jaws, paired fins, and a bony skeleton.
• Sharks and rays have cartilage instead of bones.
• Bony fish or class Osteichthyes are the first to have bones.
• Bony fish live in water because of gills and have swim bladders.
• Swim bladders fill with oxygen to rise and empty to sink.
• Bony fish now include amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals- tetrapods.
• Tetrapods are vertebrate with two limbs which are basically modified fins.
• Amphibians include frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts.
• Amphibians developed to live on land but rely on wet ecosystems.
• Amphibians developed lungs but also perform gas exchange through the skin when moist.
• Amphibians when young will have gills.