Bio 114

• Cell Theory

  all orgs. are made of cells if you trace a cells linage back for enough it can be seen that all cells descend from a common ancestral cell.
• Biological Hierarchy

  1.Organisms 2. Populations: Collection of individuals of same species; evolution effects population 3. Communities: collection of pop. of diff species living together in some area 4. Ecosystems: Communities + Abiotic factors (biomes) 5. Biosphere: all ecosystems but together
• Evolution

  change of genetic (allele) frequency (allele is one)
• Natural Selection

  Process by which evolution occurs
• Variation of a trait in a population
• Heritability

  (one gene passed from one gen to the next)
• Differential Survivorship

  among individual based on quality of the trait
• Differential Reproduction

  Comparison to Neighborhood off-spring
• Adaptation

  selected phenotype in pop., increases fitness of individuals with a trait
• Contrivance

  simply on adaptation that's been eventually modified during course of inheritance from ancestorial condition.
• Exaptation(pre-adaptation)

  trait that was adaptative under a prior set of conditions by ancestor that changes over-time and now an adaptation in descendent (contrivance)
• Vestigial Trait

  trait no longer used or has no use in present environment (most likely on adaptation for an ancestor) (wiggling ears)
• Atavism

  trait an org has but very few have; (tail)
• Homology

  Common Trait within 2 organisms through common ancestry(human hair and dog hair)
• Homoplasy

  some common trait but not recent through common ancestry
• Phenotype

  measurable trait
• Genotype

  genes that code
• Genome

  hereditary info individual (non-gene structure)
• Gene Pool

  all the alleles of all genes within pop. Individual small set gene in unless the pop. is made of clones
• Genotype

  alleles of all the genes within an individual (compare phenotype)
• Locus

  location of a gene on chromosome (same throughout)
• alleles

  versions of gene that occur on the homologues chromosomes
• Mendel's Law of Segregation

  alleles separate, without dilution, into gametes where each gametes contains on particle (allele) of each trait (gene)
• Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

  only works for genes occuring on different chromosomes, non-homologues alleles separate into gametes independently from each other
• Autosomal Dominant

  Aa or AA
• Autosomal Recessive

  aa (can skip generations)
• Sex-Linked

  xx - female x^o y ~ male
• incomplete dominance

  heterozygous genotype expresses an intermediate genotype
• Codominance

  Both a combination of the two (genotypes are expressed, not as a dilution of one but two like blood type
• Polygenetic Effects

  single trait affected by many genes with effects being additive
• Pleiotropic Effects

  single allele affects many traits
• Epigenetic effects

  enviromental cues can cause certain genes to turn off and on